History of Portugal

Prehistoric Prehistoric Iberia

Roman rule Lusitania and Gallaecia

Germanic kingdoms Suebic Kingdom of Galicia (410-584) Visigothic Kingdom (418–718)

711–1139 Al-Garb Al-Andalus (711–1249) County of Portugal (868–1071, 1096-1139)

Kingdom of Portugal Independence and expansion (1139–1279) 1279–1415 Discoveries (1415–1578) Iberian Union (1580–1640) 1640–1777 Napoleonic invasions, Liberal Revolution and Civil War (1777–1834) Constitutional Monarchy (1834–1910)

Portuguese Republic First Republic (1910–1926) Ditadura Nacional (1926–1933) Estado Novo (1933–1974) Third Republic (1974–present)

Topics Colonial history Economic history History of the Azores History of Madeira Language history Military history Music history

The Al-Gharb Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس لغرب‎, trans. al-ʼGharb al-ʼAndalus; "The West of Al-Andalus"), or just Al-Gharb (Arabic: الغرب‎, trans. al-ʼGharb; "The West"), was the name given by the Moors of Iberia to the modern region of Algarve and, by extension, to most of Portugal, during their rule of the territory, from 711 to 1249. This period started with the fall of the Visigothic kingdom after Tariq ibn-Ziyad's invasion of Iberia and the establishment of the Umayyad control in the territory. During this period of Muslim presence several scientific improvements were made, namely agricultural and astronomical. These areas would be vital for Portugal's 15th century expansion. The Garb had a population of about 0,5 million people.^[1]

  Umayyad Conquest

  The Iberian Peninsula in 750.

After a small civil war in the already Christianized Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania, King Roderic (Rodrigo in Portuguese and Spanish) had a strong position in the peninsula. His opponents, exiled in Ceuta, asked Musa ibn Nusair, Umayyad Muslim governor and general, for help. The initially skeptical general sent an experimental expedition mainly consisting of Moors from North and West Africa, led by Tariq ibn Ziyad, thus initiating the Muslim conquest of Iberia. Tariq utterly defeated Roderic's Visigothic army in the Battle of Guadalete, and soon after captured Toledo and Córdoba. With Tariq's success, Musa joined the expedition and established himself as governor of the new territories.

By 714 Évora, Santarém and Coimbra had been conquered, and two years later Lisbon was in Muslim control. By 718 most of today's Portuguese territory was under Umayyad rule. The Umayyads were eventually stopped in Poitiers but the Muslim presence in Iberia would last until 1492 with the fall of the Kingdom of Granada.

  Emirate and the Caliphate

  The Caliphate of Córdoba in 1000.

The Emirate of Córdoba lasted from 756 to 929. The Caliphate of Córdoba lasted from 929 to 1031. It was followed by the Taifas.

  First taifa period

  Taifas in 1031.

The first Taifa of Badajoz, ruled by the Aftasid dynasty, existed from 1009 to 1094. The Taifa of Lisbon lasted from 1022 to 1093, when the city was conquered by Alfonso VI of León and Castile. The first Taifa of Mértola lasted from 1033 to 1044, when it became part of the Taifa of Seville. The Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve lasted from 1018 to 1051, when it became part of the Taifa of Seville. The first Taifa of Silves lasted from 1040 to 1063, when it became part of the Taifa of Seville. The Taifa of Santarém lasted from 1044 to 1045, when it became part of the Taifa of Badajoz.

  Almoravid dynasty

  Almoravid dynasty in 1120.

The Almoravid dynasty lasted from 1040 to 1147. During some of that time it ruled over what is now Southern Portugal. After a successful siege, Portugal gained control of Lisbon in 1147.

  Second taifa period

There were three taifas in what is now Portugal after the fall of the Almoravid dynasty: the second Taifa of Mértola, which lasted from 1144 to 1151, the second Taifa of Silves, which lasted from 1144 to 1151 and the Taifa of Tavira which lasted from 1146 to 1150. All three taifas became part of the Almohad Caliphate in 1151.

  Almohad Caliphate

  Almohad Caliphate in 1157.

The Almohad Caliphate lasted from 1121 to 1269. During much of this time, until 1249, it ruled much of what is now southern Portugal. In 1249 the Kingdom of Portugal conquered Faro.

  References

  See also

• Timeline of Portuguese history
• Timeline of the Muslim occupation of the Iberian Peninsula
• Reconquista
• Silves

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