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Approach and Landing Tests
Mission insignia File:ALT mission patch.PNG
Mission statistics
Mission name	Approach and Landing Tests
Space shuttle	Enterprise
Crew size	2 x 2
Launch pad	N/A
Launch date	N/A
Landing	N/A
Mission duration	N/A
Number of orbits	Not orbital flights
Orbital altitude	N/A
Orbital inclination	N/A
Distance traveled	N/A
Crew photo
File:ALT crew.PNG
(L-R) Gordon Fullerton, Fred Haise, Joe Engle and Richard Truly pose in front of the prototype orbiter Enterprise
Related missions
Previous mission Next mission ASTP STS-1

The Approach and Landing Tests were a series of taxi and flight trials of the prototype space shuttle Enterprise to test the vehicle's flight characteristics both on its own and when mated to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, prior to the operational debut of the shuttle system.

Contents 1 Background 2 Test program 3 Crew 3.1 Crew 1 3.2 Crew 2 3.3 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 4 ALT 4.1 Captive flights 4.1.1 Captive - inert 4.1.2 Captive - active 4.2 Free-Flight 4.3 Ferry flights 5 After ALT 6 Table of ALT flights 7 Video Gallery 8 References

Background

The Space Transportation System program originated in the late 1960s as a means of reducing the cost of spaceflight by introducing a reusable spacecraft. The final agreed design would feature a reusable spaceplane, disposable external tank and reuseable solid fuel boosters. The contract to build the spaceplane, which eventually came to be known as the "shuttle orbiter", was awarded to North American Aviation (later Rockwell International), with the first complete orbiter rolled out in 1976. Originally planned to be named Constitution (due to its completion being in the year of the United States Bicentennial), it was eventually decided that the prototype would bear the name Enterprise.

Test program

Upon her entry into service, NASA began an extensive programme of tests using Enterprise to ensure all of the systems it had put in place for the shuttle project functioned as designed. These tests would encompass not only the flight tests planned to test the characteristics of the orbiter, but also ground based testing of the launch pad systems and procedures. In January 1977, Enterprise was taken by road from the Rockwell plant at Palmdale, California to the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base to begin the flight test phase of the programme, which had been christened by NASA as the Approach and Landing Tests (ALT).

Crew

The program was to last from February until October 1977, with a pair of two-man crews assigned to the orbiter:

Crew 1

Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to this mission.

• Fred W. Haise, Jr (1) - Commander
• C. Gordon Fullerton - Pilot

Crew 2

• Joseph H. Engle - Commander
• Richard H. Truly - Pilot

Shuttle Carrier Aircraft

In addition to the two assigned shuttle crews, who would alternate crewing the orbiter, a single flight crew was attached to the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) for the entire program:

• SCA Crew:
  • Fitzhugh L. Fulton, Jr (Captain)
  • Thomas C. McMurty (Co-Pilot)
  • Louis E. Guidry, Jr (Flight Engineer)
  • Victor W. Horton (Flight Engineer)

ALT

The ALT programme was divided into three distinct phases.^[1] The first phase was designated as the "taxi-test" phase, which involved the SCA and orbiter in a mated formation conducting taxi tests at Edwards to verify the taxiing characteristics of the aircraft while carrying the orbiter. These tests did not involve the orbiter in any way beyond it being mated to the aircraft, so consequently it remained powered down and uncrewed. A total of three taxi-tests were performed on February 15, 1977. Following this, the programme moved into its next phase.

Captive flights

The captive flight phase of ALT saw the SCA/orbiter combination in flight as a test of the SCA's flying characteristics while mated to the orbiter, and as an initial test of the orbiter systems in flight. This was subdivided into two phases:

Captive - inert

There were a total of five captive-inert flights designed to test the flight and handling characteristics of the aircraft while it was mated to the orbiter. As with the taxi tests, this did not involve the orbiter beyond it being mated to the SCA, so it remained unpowered and uncrewed.

Captive - active

The captive-active flights were intended to determine the optimum profile required for Enterprise to separate from the SCA during the orbiter's free-flights. These were also intended to refine and test the orbiter crew procedures and to ensure the operational readiness of the orbiter's systems. For these three flights, although Enterprise remained mated to the SCA, it was powered and crewed.

Free-Flight

The final phase of flight testing involved the free-flights. This would see Enterprise mated to the SCA and carried to a launch height before being jettisoned by the use of explosive bolts to glide to a landing on the runways at Edwards. The intention of these flights was to test the flight characteristics of the orbiter itself, on a typical approach and landing profile from orbit.

There were a total of five free-flights between August and October; the first three saw Enterprise remain fitted with its aerodynamic tail cone, intended to reduce drag when mounted on the SCA during flight. The final two had the tail cone removed, with the orbiter in its full up operational configuration, with dummy main engines and OMS pods.^[2] These five flights were to be the only time Enterprise flew alone.

After flying missions on Columbia (STS-2) and Discovery (STS-51-I), Engle reported that the flight and handling characteristics of the operational orbiters were similar to Enterprise, except that he had to fly a steeper profile with the prototype as it was much lighter than the operational spacecraft.^[3]

Ferry flights

Following the free-flight tests, Enterprise was prepared for ferry flight tests, which were intended to ensure that the SCA/orbiter configuration was viable for flights of the duration between landing and launch sites.^[4]

After ALT

Following the end of the flight test programme, Enterprise was taken for testing with the external tank and SRB in full-up launch configuration to test both the structural responses of the "stack" itself and the launch procedures prior to the entry into service and first launch of the first operational orbiter. These first saw Enterprise taken to the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, where the complete stack subjected to vertical ground vibration tests, assessing the structural responses to a number of scenarios. Then, the orbiter was flown to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida to fit check the facilities and procedures to be used in launching the shuttle.

Table of ALT flights

Test flight[2]	Date	Speed	Altitude	Crew	Duration	Comment
Taxi test #1	February 15, 1977	89 mph 143 km/h	taxi	none	taxi	Concrete runway, tailcone on
Taxi test #2	February 15, 1977	140 mph 225 km/h	taxi	none	taxi	Concrete runway, tailcone on
Taxi test #3	February 15, 1977	157 mph 253 km/h	taxi	none	taxi	Concrete runway, tailcone on
Captive-inert flight #1	February 18, 1977	287 mph 462 km/h	16,000 ft 4,877 m	none	2 h 5 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-inert flight #2	February 22, 1977	328 mph 528 km/h	22,600 ft 6,888 m	none	3 h 13 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-inert flight #3	February 25, 1977	425 mph 684 km/h	26,600 ft 8,108 m	none	2 h 28 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-inert flight #4	February 28, 1977	425 mph 684 km/h	28,565 ft 8,707 m	none	2 h 11 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-inert flight #5	March 2, 1977	474 mph 763 km/h	30,000 ft 9,144 m	none	1 h 39 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-active flight #1	June 18, 1977	208 mph 335 km/h	14,970 ft 4,563 m	Haise, Fullerton	55 min 46 s	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-active flight #2	June 28, 1977	310 mph 499 km/h	22,030 ft 6,715 m	Engle, Truly	62 min 0 s	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-active flight #3	July 26, 1977	311 mph 501 km/h	30,292 ft 9,233 m	Haise, Fullerton	59 min 53 s	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Free flight #1	August 12, 1977	310 mph 499 km/h	24,100 ft 7,346 m	Haise, Fullerton	5 min 21 s	Tailcone on, lakebed landing
Free flight #2	September 13, 1977	310 mph 499 km/h	26,000 ft 7,925 m	Engle, Truly	5 min 28 s	Tailcone on, lakebed landing
Free flight #3	September 23, 1977	290 mph 467 km/h	24,700 ft 7,529 m	Haise, Fullerton	5 min 34 s	Tailcone on, lakebed landing
Free flight #4	October 12, 1977	278 mph 447 km/h	22,400 ft 6,828 m	Engle, Truly	2 min 34 s	Tailcone off, lakebed landing
Free flight #5	October 26, 1977	283 mph 456 km/h	19,000 ft 5,791 m	Haise, Fullerton	2 min 1 s	Tailcone off, runway landing

Video Gallery

Space Shuttle Enterprise 747 takeoff.ogg Space Shuttle Enterprise 747 takeoff (Theora)

Space Shuttle Enterprise 747 separation.ogg Space Shuttle Enterprise 747 separation (Theora)

Space Shuttle Enterprise landing.ogg Space Shuttle Enterprise landing (Theora)

References

1. ^ Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests Fact Sheet From "Space Shuttle Chronology"; Accessed 11/03/08
2. ^ ^{a b} NASA - Dryden Flight Research Center (1977). "Shuttle Enterprise Free Flight". NASA. http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-000218.html. Retrieved November 28, 2007. 
3. ^ "Joe H. Engle", NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, 3 June 2004.
4. ^ Astronautix.com Accessed 11/03/08

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