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Belle Starr
Statue of Belle Starr, Woolaroc, Oklahoma
Born	Myra Maybelle Shirley (1848-02-05)February 5, 1848 Carthage, Missouri
Died	February 3, 1889(1889-02-03) (aged 40) Near King Creek, Indian Territory

  Studio portrait of Belle Starr, "Queen of the Oklahoma Outlaws,"^[1] circa early 1880s.

Myra Maybelle Shirley Reed Starr (February 5, 1848 – February 3, 1889), better known as Belle Starr, was a notorious American outlaw.

  Early life

She was born Myra Maybelle Shirley (known as May to her family) on her father's farm near Carthage, Missouri. Her father was John Shirley.^[2] Her mother was Eliza Hatfield.^[3] In the 1860s her father sold the farm and moved the family to Carthage where he bought an inn and livery stable on the town square.

May Shirley received a classical education and learned piano, while graduating from Missouri's Carthage Female Academy, a private institution her father had helped to found.^[4]

  During the Civil War

After a Union attack on Carthage in 1864, the Shirleys moved to Scyene, Texas. According to legend, it was at Scyene that the Shirleys became associated with a number of Missouri-born criminals, including Jesse James and the Youngers. In fact, she knew the Younger brothers and the James boys because she had grown up with them in Missouri. Her brother John A. Shirley was called Captain Shirley by local Confederate sympathizers. He does not appear on any list of Quantrill's Raiders, but rode with a group who were called partisans by some and bushwackers by Union sympathizers. Bud Shirley was killed in 1864 in Sarcoxie, Missouri, while he and another scout were being fed at the home of a Confederate sympathizer. Union troops surrounded the house and when Bud attempted to escape, he was shot and killed.^[5]

  After the Civil War

Following the war, the Reed family also moved to Scyene and May Shirley married Jim Reed in 1866, after having had an earlier crush on him as a teen. Two years later, she gave birth to her first child, Rosie Lee (nicknamed Pearl). Belle always harbored a strong sense of style, which would feed into her later legend. A crack shot, she used to ride sidesaddle while dressed in a black velvet riding habit and a plumed hat, carrying two pistols, with cartridge belts across her hips.^[6] Jim turned to crime and was wanted for murder in Arkansas, which caused the family to move to California, where their second child, James Edwin (Eddie), was born in 1871.

Later returning to Texas, Jim Reed was involved with several criminal gangs. While Jim initially tried his hand at farming, he would grow restless and fell in with bad company: the Starr clan, a Cherokee Indian family notorious for whiskey, cattle, and horse thievery in the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), as well as his wife's old friends the James and Younger gangs. In April 1874, despite a lack of any evidence, a warrant was issued for her arrest for a stagecoach robbery by her husband and others. Jim Reed was killed in Paris, Texas, in August of that year, while she settled down with his family .

  Marriage to Sam Starr

Allegedly, Belle was briefly married for three weeks to Cole Younger in 1878, but this is not substantiated by any evidence. In 1880 she did marry a Cherokee Indian named Sam Starr and settled with the Starr family in the Indian Territory. There, she learned ways for organizing, planning and fencing for the rustlers, horse thieves and bootleggers, as well as harboring them from the law. Belle's illegal enterprises proved lucrative enough for her to employ bribery to free her cohorts from the law whenever they were caught.

In 1883, Belle and Sam were charged with horse theft and tried before "The Hanging Judge" Isaac Parker's Federal District Court in Fort Smith, Arkansas; the prosecutor was United States Attorney W.H.H. Clayton. She was found guilty and served nine months at the Detroit House of Corrections in Detroit, Michigan. Belle proved to be a model prisoner and during her time in jail she won the respect of the prison matron, while Sam was more incorrigible and was assigned to hard labor.

In 1886, she escaped conviction on another theft charge, but on December 17, Sam Starr was involved in a gunfight with Officer Frank West.^[7] Both men were killed, while Belle's life as an outlaw queen (and what had been the happiest relationship of her life) abruptly ended with her husband's death.

  Unsolved murder

For the last two-plus years of her life, gossips and scandal sheets linked her to a series of men with colorful names, including Jack Spaniard, Jim French and Blue Duck, after which, in order to keep her residence on Indian land, she married a relative of Sam Starr, Jim July Starr, who was some 15 years her junior.

On February 3, 1889, two days before her 41st birthday, she was killed. She was riding home from a neighbor's house in Eufaula, Oklahoma, when she was ambushed. After she fell off her horse, she was shot again to make sure she was dead. Her death resulted from shotgun wounds to the back and neck and in the shoulder and face.^[8]

There were no witnesses and no one was ever convicted of the murder. Suspects with apparent motive included her new husband and both of her children, as well as Edgar J. Watson, one of her sharecroppers, because he was afraid she was going to turn him in to the authorities as an escaped murderer from Florida with a price on his head. Watson, who was killed in 1910,^[9] was tried for her murder but was acquitted, and the ambush has entered Western lore as "unsolved".

One source suggests her son, whom she had allegedly beaten for mistreating her horse, may have been her killer.^[10]

  Story becomes popularized

Although an obscure figure outside Texas throughout most of her life, Belle's story was picked up by the dime novel and National Police Gazette publisher, Richard K. Fox. Fox made her name famous with his novel Bella Starr, the Bandit Queen, or the Female Jesse James, published in 1889 (the year of her murder). This novel is still often cited as a historical reference. It was the first of many popular stories that used her name.

  Children

Belle's son Eddie was convicted of horse theft and receiving stolen property in July 1889. Judge Parker sent him to prison in Columbus, Ohio. Belle's daughter, Rosie Reed, also known as Pearl Starr, became a prostitute to raise funds for his release. She did eventually obtain a presidential pardon in 1893. Ironically, Eddie became a Fort Smith Deputy ^[11] killed two outlaw brothers named Crittenden in 1895,^[12][13] and was himself killed in a Claremore, Oklahoma, saloon on December 14, 1896.^{[14] [15] [16] [17]}

Making a good living in prostitution, Pearl operated several bordellos in Van Buren and Fort Smith, Arkansas, from the 1890s to World War I.

  Appearances in the arts

  Movies & television series

• Gene Tierney played the title role in the Hollywood film Belle Starr (1941). Betty Compson played Belle in Court-Martial (1928), Isabel Jewell played her in the Daughter of Belle Starr (1946), and Jane Russell took on the role in Montana Belle (1952). None made any pretensions to accuracy.
• In 1954, Marie Windsor played Starr in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series, Stories of the Century.
• In 1960, Lynn Bari played Belle in the series premiere episode, "Perilous Passage", of the NBC western Overland Trail, starring William Bendix and Doug McClure. Robert J. Wilke guest starred in the same episode as Cole Younger.
• In 1965, Philadelphia TV host Sally Starr played the character for laughs in The Three Stooges's feature film The Outlaws Is Coming.
• Elizabeth Montgomery portrayed Belle in the 1980 television movie Belle Starr. Pamela Reed portrayed Belle in the 1980 Hollywood film The Long Riders.
• In 1995, Belle Starr was portrayed in season 3 of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, in an episode entitled "Baby Outlaws" as a 14 year old outlaw who falls under the care of the good doctor and her family.
• In 2007, independent filmmaker Ron Maxwell optioned the film rights to novelist Speer Morgan's 1979 book Belle Starr. In the December 2008 issue of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture, Maxwell is mentioned as being the director of the forthcoming film Belle Starr.

  Literature

• Belle Starr (1979) was the first novel of American author and editor Speer Morgan.
• The Legend of Belle Starr (1979) was a historical novel by Stoney Hardcastle.^[18]
• The unsolved murder of Belle Starr is the basis for the Douglas C. Jones novel, The Search for Temperance Moon (1991). A character based on Pearl Starr, Belle's daughter, is also featured as a bordello owner in Fort Smith, Arkansas.
• Pulp western author J. T. Edson featured Belle Starr in several of his Floating Outfit series of novels, as the love interest of one of the three lead protagonists in the series, Mark Counter. Edson's novel Guns In The Night features Belle Starr's being murdered when pregnant with Mark Counter's child, after which the Floating Outfit teaming up to catch her murderer.
• One of the more distinctive adaptations of the legend of Belle Starr was made by the Japanese manga artist Akihiro Ito, who in 1993 created a manga known as Belle Starr Bandits, loosely based on historical figures, facts and events. She had an appearance in the manga Gun Blaze West from Nobuhiro Watsuki, as one of J.J.'s (Jesse James) Gangmembers. ISBN 3-89885-759-X
• Belle Starr appeared as a caricature in the 1995 Belle Starr album of the Lucky Luke comics series, illustrated by Morris and written by Xavier Fauche.
• The 2009 historical novel, The Branch and the Scaffold by Loren D. Estleman, deals in part with Belle Starr's life in the Indian Nations as her path crossed that of Judge Isaac Parker.

  References

  Further reading

• Shirley, Glenn. Belle Starr and Her Times: The Literature, the Facts and the Legends. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982, ISBN 0-8061-2276-5.

  External links

• Belle Starr from the Handbook of Texas Online
• Detailed biography of Belle Starr
• Belle Starr: Article by Richard D. Arnott
• Belle Starr esoteric biography at 4dbios [1]