Epicharmus (Ancient Greek: Ἐπίχαρμος) is thought to have lived within the ninety year period between c. 540 and c. 450 BC. He was a Greek dramatist and philosopher often credited with being one of the first comic writers, having originated the Doric or Sicilian comedic form.^[1] Aristotle (Poetics 5.1449b5^[2]) writes that he and Phormis invented comic plots (muthos).^[3] Most of the information we have about Epicharmus comes from the writings of Athenaeus, Suda and Diogenes Laertius, but fragments and comments come up in a host of other ancient authors as well. There have also been some papyrus finds of longer sections of text, but these are often so full of holes that it is difficult to make sense of them. Plato mentions Epicharmus in his dialogue Gorgias^[4] and in Theaetetus. In the latter, Socrates refers to Epicharmus as "the prince of Comedy", Homer as "the prince of Tragedy", and both as "great masters of either kind of poetry".^[5] More references by ancient authors can be found discussed in Pickard-Cambridge's Dithyramb, Tragedy, Comedy^[6] and they are collected in Greek in Kassel and Austin's new edition of the fragments in Poetae Comici Graeci, (2001).

  Life and work

Epicharmus' birth place is not known, but late and fairly unreliable ancient commentators suggest a number of alternatives. The Suda (E 2766) records that he was either Syracusan by birth or from the Sikanian city of Krastos. Diogenes Laertius (VIII 78) records that Epicharmus was born in Astypalea, the ancient capital of Kos on the Bay of Kamari, near modern-day Kefalos. Diogenes Laertius also records that Epicharmus' father was the prominent physician Helothales, who moved the family to Megara, Sicily when Epicharmus was just a few months old. Although raised according to the Asclepiad tradition of his father, as an adult Epicharmus became a follower of Pythagoras.^[7]

All of this biographical information could be treated as suspect. More references to alternative origins and discussion of their likelihood can be found in Pickard-Cambridge's Tragedy, Comedy, Dithyramb, and more recently in Rodriguez Noriega Guillen's Epicarmo di Siracusa: Testimonios y Fragmentos.^[8] The standard edition of his fragments by Kaibel has now been updated with the publication of Kassel and Austin's Poetae Comici Graeci. It is most likely that sometime after 484 BC, he lived in Syracuse, and worked as a poet for the tyrants Gelo and Hiero I. The subject matter of his poetry covered a broad range, from exhortations against intoxication and laziness to such unorthodox topics as mythological burlesque, but he also wrote on philosophy, medicine, natural science, linguistics, and ethics. Among many other philosophical and moral lessons, Epicharmus taught that the continuous exercise of virtue could overcome heredity, so that anyone had the potential to be a good person regardless of birth. He died in his 90s (according to a statement in Lucian,^[9] he died at ninety-seven).

Diogenes Laertius records that there was a bronze statue dedicated to him in Syracuse, by the inhabitants, for which Theocritus composed the following inscription^[10]:

"As the bright sun excels the other stars, As the sea far exceeds the river streams: So does sage Epicharmus men surpass, Whom hospitable Syracuse has crowned."

Theocritus Epigram 18 (AP IX 60; Kassel and Austin Test. 18) is also written in his honor.

  Works

Epicharmus wrote somewhere between thirty-five and fifty-two comedies, though many have been lost or exist only in fragments. Along with his contemporary Phormis, he was alternately praised or denounced for ridiculing the great mythic heroes.

His two most famous works were Agrostinos ("The Country-Dweller," or "Rustic"), which dealt humorously with the agricultural lifestyle, and Hebes Gamos ("The Marriage of Hebe"), in which Hercules was portrayed as a glutton. Additional works include

According to Diogenes Laërtius's Lives of Eminent Philosophers, III, 9, Plato plagiarized several of Epicharmus's ideas. "[H]e [Plato] derived great assistance from Epicharmus the Comic poet, for he transcribed a great deal from him, as Alcimus says in the essays dedicated to Amyntas [of Heraclea]…." Laërtius then lists, in III, 10, the several ways that Plato "employs the words of Epicharmus."

  Quotations

"Judgement, not passion, should prevail."

"The mind sees and the mind hears. The rest is blind and deaf."

"A mortal should think mortal thoughts, not immortal thoughts."

"The best thing a man can have, in my view, is health."

"The hand washes the hand: give something and you may get something."

"Then what is the nature of men? Blown-up bladders!"^[11]

  Notes

  References

• Philip Wentworth Buckham, Theatre of the Greeks, 1827.
• P.E. Easterling (Series Editor), Bernard M.W. Knox (Editor), Cambridge History of Classical Literature, v.I, Greek Literature, 1985. ISBN 0-521-21042-9, cf. Chapter 12, p. 367 on Epicharmus and others.
• Rudolf Kassel, C. Austin (Editor) Poetae Comici Graeci: Agathenor-Aristonymus (Poetae Comici Graeci), 1991.
• A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, Dithyramb, Tragedy, and Comedy (1927, repr. 1962).
• Plato, Theaetetus.
• William Ridgeway, contrib. The Dramas and Dramatic Dances of Non-European Races. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915.
• Xavier Riu, Dionysism and Comedy, 1999. [8]
• Lucia Rodríguez-Noriega Guillén, Epicarmo de Siracusa. Testimonios y Fragmentos. Edición crítica bilingüe.; Oviedo: Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones, 1996. Reviewed by Kathryn Bosher, University of Michigan, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.10.24
• Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, article on Epicharmus, [9]
• Theocritus, Idylls and Epigrams. (Theocritus translated into English Verse by C.S. Calverley, [10])
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

  External links

• An article on Epicharmus at Theatrehistory.com
• Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Epicharmus, translated by Robert Drew Hicks (1925).