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Introduction

Export-oriented Industrialization (EOI) sometimes called export substitution industrialization (ESI) or export led industrialization (ELI) is a trade and economic policy aiming to speed-up the industrialization process of a country through exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. Export-led growth implies opening domestic markets to foreign competition in exchange for market access in other countries, though this may not be true of all domestic markets as governments aim to protect specific infant industries so they grow and are able to exploit their future comparative advantage and in practise the converse can occur, for example many East Asian countries had strong barriers on imports during most of the 1960s-1980s. Reduced tariff barriers, floating exchange rate (devaluation of national currency is often employed to facilitate exports), and government support for exporting sectors are all an example of policies adopted to promote EOI, and ultimately economic development. Export-oriented Industrialization was particularly characteristic of the development of the national economies of the Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore in the post World War II period.

Limitations

Despite its support in mainstream economic circles, its success has been increasingly challenged over recent years due a growing number of examples in which it has not yielded the expected results. EOI increases market sensitivity to exogenous factors, and is partially responsible for the damage done by the 1998 economic crisis to the economies of countries who used export-oriented industrialization. It is also criticized for its lack of product diversity as economies pursue their comparative advantage, which makes the economies potentially unstable if demand for their specialization falls; this is something which occurred during the financial crisis of 2007–2010 and subsequent global recession.

Other criticisms include that export orientated industrialization has it's success limited if the economy is experiencing a decline in it's terms of trade, where prices for its exports are rising at a slower rate than that of it's imports. This is true of many economies aiming to exploit their comparative advantage in primary commodities as they have a long term trend of declining prices, noted in the Singer-Prebisch thesis^[1] though there are criticisms of this thesis as practical contradictions have occurred^[2]. Primary commodity dependency also links to the weakness of excessive specialization as primary commodities have incredible price volatility, given the inelastic nature of their demand, leading to a disproportionately large change in price given a change in demand for them.

The problem is that EOI presupposes that a government contains the relevant market knowledge to judge whether or not an industry to be given development subsidies which will prove a good investment in the future. The ability of any government to do this is limited as it will not have occurred through the natural interaction of market forces of supply and demand. Also to exploit a potential comparitive advantage requires a significant amount of investment which governments can only supply a limited amount of. In many LEDCs it is necessary for multinational corporations to provide the foreign direct investment, knowledge, skills and training needed to develop an industry and exploit the future comparative advantage.

History

Export-oriented industrialization is often contrasted with import substitution industrialization. It grew as a reaction to import substitution and it widely championed by many free markets economists who are influenced by traditional proponents of free trade, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo. The economists who devised the theories of specialization and comparative advantage, respectively.

See also

• Export-led growth

vi:Công nghiệp hóa theo hướng xuất khẩu

Notes

1. ^ http://econpapers.repec.org/article/oupcambje/v_3a10_3ay_3a1986_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a355-71.htm
2. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045302026.html