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definitions
glycoprotein (n.)
1.a conjugated protein having a carbohydrate component
2.(MeSH)A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.
Glycoprotein Sialyltransferases (n.)
1.(MeSH)A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.
Glycoprotein (n.)
1.(MeSH)Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
synonyms
Glycoprotein (n.) (MeSH)
D09.400.430, D12.776.395, Glycoproteins (MeSH), Neoglycoproteins (MeSH)
Glycoprotein Sialyltransferases (n.) (MeSH)
D08.811.913.400.800, Ectosialyltransferase (MeSH), glycoprotein (MeSH), Glycoprotein Sialyltransferase (MeSH), Sialyltransferases (MeSH)
glycoprotein (n.) (MeSH)
D08.811.913.400.800, Ectosialyltransferase (MeSH), Glycoprotein Sialyltransferase (MeSH), Glycoprotein Sialyltransferases (MeSH), Sialyltransferases (MeSH)
phrases
Acid alpha 1-Glycoprotein • Alpha(1)-Acid Glycoprotein • CD22 Glycoprotein • Cell Surface Glycoprotein • Cell Surface Glycoprotein L1 • Defects in glycoprotein degradation • Desmosomal Glycoprotein 1 • Desmosomal Glycoprotein 2 • Desmosomal Glycoprotein 3 • Disorder of glycoprotein metabolism, unspecified • Disorders of glycoprotein metabolism • Envelope Glycoprotein gp120, HIV • Envelope Glycoprotein gp160, HIV • F-Glycoprotein SV • F11 Glycoprotein • Fusion Glycoprotein, Viral • GPIIIb Platelet Glycoprotein • GPIV Platelet Glycoprotein • Glycoprotein GP-2 • Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Chain • Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Polypeptide • Glycoprotein Hormones, alpha Subunit • Glycoprotein Ia-IIa • Glycoprotein Ib • Glycoprotein Ib alpha • Glycoprotein Ib beta • Glycoprotein Ib-IX Complex • Glycoprotein MUC18 • Glycoprotein Sialyltransferase • Glycoprotein Syndrome, Carbohydrate-Deficient • Glycoprotein beta-Galactosyltransferase • Glycoprotein gp68 • Glycoprotein, Viral Fusion • HANA Glycoprotein • HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 • HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp160 • Mannosyl-Glycoprotein Endo-beta-N-Acetylglucosaminidase • Membrane Glycoprotein • Membrane Glycoprotein IIb • Mo1 Glycoprotein • Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein • NGF-Inducible Glycoprotein • NILE Glycoprotein • Neutrophil Glycoprotein Gp150 • Opsonic Glycoprotein • P-Glycoprotein • P0 Glycoprotein • Pituitary Glycoprotein Hormone, alpha Subunit • Plasma Membrane Glycoprotein IIb • Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex • Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex • Platelet Glycoprotein I'c-IIa • Platelet Glycoprotein IIIa • Platelet Glycoprotein IIIb • Platelet Glycoprotein IV • Platelet Glycoprotein IX • Platelet Glycoprotein Ia • Platelet Glycoprotein Ic • Platelet Glycoprotein Ic/IIa • SPARC Glycoprotein • Sulfated Glycoprotein 2 • Sulfated Glycoprotein-2 • Surface Glycoprotein • Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gPr90 (Murine Leukemia Virus) • Viral Envelope Glycoprotein gp55 (Friend Virus) • alpha 1-Acid Glycoprotein • alpha 1-Acid Glycoprotein (Acute Phase) • alpha 1-Glycoprotein Acid • beta 1-Glycoprotein, Pregnancy-Specific • beta 2-Glycoprotein I • beta-1 Glycoprotein, Trophoblast-Specific • beta2-Glycoprotein I • gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein, HIV • gp160 Envelope Glycoprotein, HIV • p150,95 Glycoprotein
Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies • Anti-β2 glycoprotein 1 antibody • Cartilage glycoprotein 39 • Glycoprotein 130 • Glycoprotein 2-beta-D-xylosyltransferase • Glycoprotein 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase • Glycoprotein 6-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor • Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors • Glycoprotein IX • Glycoprotein Ib • Glycoprotein N-palmitoyltransferase • Glycoprotein O-fatty-acyltransferase • Glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase • Glycoprotein-fucosylgalactoside a-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase • Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein • Myelin-associated glycoprotein • P-glycoprotein • P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 • Platelet membrane glycoprotein • T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain • Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein • UDP-glucose-glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase
analogical dictionary
Glycoprotein (n.)
[MeSH]
Transferase, Transferases[Hyper.]
Glycoprotein Sialyltransferases (n.)
[MeSH]
protein[Hyper.]
glycoprotein (n.)
Wikipedia
Glycoprotein
Not to be confused with peptidoglycan or proteoglycan.
N-linked protein glycosylation (N-glycosylation of N-glycans) at Asn residues (Asn-x-Ser/Thr motifs) in glycoproteins.[1]
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell–cell interactions. Glycoproteins are also formed in the cytosol, but their functions and the pathways producing these modifications in this compartment are less well understood.[2]
Contents |
N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation
There are two types of glycoproteins:
- In N-glycosylation (see on the right), the addition of sugar chains can happen at the amide nitrogen on the side-chain of the asparagine.
- In O-glycosylation, the addition of sugar chains can happen on the hydroxyl oxygen on the side-chain of hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, serine, or threonine.
Monosaccharides
Eight sugars commonly found in glycoproteins.
Monosaccharides commonly found in eukaryotic glycoproteins include:[3]:526
| Sugar | Type | Abbreviation |
|---|---|---|
| β-D-Glucose | Hexose | Glc |
| β-D-Galactose | Hexose | Gal |
| β-D-Mannose | Hexose | Man |
| α-L-Fucose | Deoxyhexose | Fuc |
| N-Acetylgalactosamine | Aminohexose | GalNAc |
| N-Acetylglucosamine | Aminohexose | GlcNAc |
| N-Acetylneuraminic acid | Aminononulosonic acid (Sialic acid) |
NeuNAc |
| Xylose | Pentose | Xyl |
The sugar group(s) can assist in protein folding or improve proteins' stability.
Examples
One example of glycoproteins found in the body is mucins, which are secreted in the mucus of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The sugars attached to mucins give them considerable water-holding capacity and also make them resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes.
Glycoproteins are important for white blood cell recognition, especially in mammals.[citation needed] Examples of glycoproteins in the immune system are:
- molecules such as antibodies (immunoglobulins), which interact directly with antigens.
- molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (or MHC), which are expressed on the surface of cells and interact with T cells as part of the adaptive immune response.
Other examples of glycoproteins include:
- glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, an integrin found on platelets that is required for normal platelet aggregation and adherence to the endothelium.
- components of the zona pellucida, which surrounds the oocyte, and is important for sperm-egg interaction.
- structural glycoproteins, which occur in connective tissue. These help bind together the fibers, cells, and ground substance of connective tissue. They may also help components of the tissue bind to inorganic substances, such as calcium in bone.
- Glycoprotein-41 (gp41) and glycoprotein-120 (gp120) are HIV viral coat proteins.
Soluble glycoproteins often show a high viscosity, for example, in egg white and blood plasma.
- Miraculin, which alters human tongue receptors to recognize sour foods as sweet.
Hormones
Hormones that are glycoproteins include:
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Luteinizing hormone
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Human chorionic gonadotropin
- Alpha-fetoprotein
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
Functions
| Function | Glycoproteins |
|---|---|
| Structural molecule | Collagens |
| Lubricant and protective agent | Mucins |
| Transport molecule | Transferrin, ceruloplasmin |
| Immunologic molecule | Immunoglobins, histocompatibility antigens |
| Hormone | Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Enzyme | Various, e.g., alkaline phosphatase |
| Cell attachment-recognition site | Various proteins involved in cell–cell (e.g., sperm–oocyte), virus–cell, bacterium–cell, and hormone–cell interactions |
| Antifreeze protein | Certain plasma proteins of coldwater fish |
| Interact with specific carbohydrates | Lectins, selectins (cell adhesion lectins), antibodies |
| Receptor | Various proteins involved in hormone and drug action |
| Affect folding of certain proteins | Calnexin, calreticulin |
| Regulation of development | Notch and its analogs, key proteins in development |
| Hemostasis (and thrombosis) | Specific glycoproteins on the surface membranes of platelets |
Analysis
A variety of methods used in detection, purification, and structural analysis of glycoproteins are[3]:525[5]
| Method | Use |
|---|---|
| Periodic acid-Schiff stain | Detects glycoproteins as pink bands after electrophoretic separation. |
| Incubation of cultured cells with glycoproteins as radioactive decay bands | Leads to detection of a radioactive sugar after electrophoretic separation. |
| Treatment with appropriate endo- or exoglycosidase or phospholipases | Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish among proteins with N-glycan, O-glycan, or GPI linkages and also between high mannose and complex N-glycans. |
| Agarose-lectin column chromatography, lectin affinity chromatography | To purify glycoproteins or glycopeptides that bind the particular lectin used. |
| Lectin affinity electrophoresis | Resultant shifts in electrophoretic migration help distinguish and characterize glycoforms, i.e. variants of a glycoprotein differing in carbohydrate. |
| Compositional analysis following acid hydrolysis | Identifies sugars that the glycoprotein contains and their stoichiometry. |
| Mass spectrometry | Provides information on molecular mass, composition, sequence, and sometimes branching of a glycan chain. |
| NMR spectroscopy | To identify specific sugars, their sequence, linkages, and the anomeric nature of glycosidic chain. |
| Dual Polarisation Interferometry | Measures the mechanisms underlying the biomolecular interactions, including reaction rates, affinities and associated conformational changes. |
| Methylation (linkage) analysis | To determine linkage between sugars. |
| Amino acid or cDNA sequencing | Determination of amino acid sequence. |
See also
References
- ^ Ruddock & Molinari (2006) Journal of Cell Science 119, 4373–4380
- ^ Funakoshi Y, Suzuki T (January 2009). "Glycobiology in the cytosol: The bitter side of a sweet world". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1790 (2): 81–94. DOI:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.009. PMID 18952151.
- ^ a b c Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner & Victor W. Rodwell: "Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry 27th Ed.", McGraw-Hill, 2006
- ^ https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/img/assets/15880/glycan_classification.pdf
- ^ Anne Dell, Howard R Morris: "Glycoprotein structure determination by mass spectrometry", Science 291(5512), 2351–2356 (2001), Review
External links
- Structure of Glycoprotein and Carbohydrate Chain – Home Page for Learning Environmental Chemistry
- Biochemistry 5thE 11.3. Carbohydrates Can Be Attached to Proteins to Form Glycoproteins
- Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology: A Web Tour SPECIAL WeB SUPPLEMENT Science 23 March 2001 Vol 291, Issue 5512, Pages 2263–2502
- Glycoproteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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