New : sens
A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites !
BoggleHolocene calendar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"H.E." redirects here. For other uses of H.E., see He (disambiguation).
"Holocene era" redirects here. For the geological epoch, see Holocene Epoch.
The Holocene calendar, popular term for the Holocene Era or Human Era, is a year numbering system similar to astronomical year numbering but adds 10,000, placing its first year at the start of the Human Era (HE, the beginning of human civilization) the approximation of the Holocene Epoch (HE, post Ice Age) for easier geological, archaeological, dendrochronological and historical dating. The current Gregorian year can be transformed by simply placing a 1 before it (e.g., CE 2010 becomes 12010 HE). The Human Era was first proposed by Cesare Emiliani in 1993 (11993 HE).[1][2][3]
Contents |
Motivation
Cesare Emiliani's proposal for a calendar reform sought to solve a number of problems with the current Anno Domini and Common Eras, which number the years of the commonly accepted world calendar. The issues include:
- The Anno Domini and Common Eras begin at the presumed year of the birth of Jesus Christ. This Christian aspect (especially the use of Before Christ and Anno Domini) can be offensive to non-Christians.[4]
- Biblical scholarship is virtually unanimous that the birth of Jesus Christ would actually have been a few years prior to AD 1[citation needed]. This makes the calendar inaccurate insofar as Christian dates are concerned.
- There is no year zero as 1 BC is followed immediately by AD 1.
- BC years are counted down when moving from past to future, thus 44 BC is after 250 BC. This makes calculating date ranges in the Holocene era across the BC/AD boundary more complicated than in the HE.
Instead, HE places its epoch or year one of the current era to 10,000 BC. This is a rough approximation of the start of the current geologic epoch, the Holocene (the name means entirely recent). The motivation for this is that human civilization (e.g., the first settlements, agriculture, etc.) is believed to have arisen entirely within this time. All key dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always occurring before larger dates.
Conversion
Conversion to the Holocene Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.
A useful validity check is that the last digit of BC and HE equivalents must add up to 1 or 11.
| Events | Julian or Gregorian years | Holocene Era Human Era |
| End of the Paleolithic Period, All continents (except Antarctica) inhabited, Agriculture and the domestication of animals begins. | c. 10000 BC | c. 1 HE |
| Earliest walled city (Jericho) | c. 9000 BC | c. 1000 HE |
| Initial Jōmon period begins | c. 7500 BC | c. 2500 HE |
| First copper found in Middle East - beginning of Copper Age | c. 6000 BC | c. 4000 HE |
| Beginning of Indus Valley Civilization | c. 3000 BC | c. 7000 HE |
| Probable date of the completion of the first Egyptian pyramid | 2611 BC | 7390 HE |
| Beginning of Xia Dynasty in China | c. 2100 BC | c. 7900 HE |
| Foundation of Rome | 753 BC | 9248 HE |
| First Central American writing systems; final Jōmon period ends | c. 400 BC | c. 9600 HE |
| Empire of Asoka | 273 BC | 9728 HE |
| Imperial China, Qin dynasty | 221 BC | 9780 HE |
| Last year of BC era | 1 BC | 10000 HE |
| First year of Anno Domini era | AD 1 | 10001 HE |
| Migration Period begins, leading to the Fall of Rome | AD 300/476 | 10300/10476 HE |
| Turkic migrations begin | c. AD 500 | c. 10500 HE |
| Muslim conquests begin | AD 632 | 10632 HE |
| Great Zimbabwe built | c. AD 1000 | c. 11000 HE |
| Hindu-Arabic numerals introduced to Europe | AD 1202 | 11202 HE |
| Black Death decimates Asia and Europe | AD 1340s | 11340s HE |
| European expansion and colonization begins | AD 1419 | 11419 HE |
| European discovery of the New World | AD 1492 | 11492 HE |
| Fall of the Inca Empire | AD 1572 | 11572 HE |
| America declares independence from Britain | AD 1776 | 11776 HE |
| Second Industrial Revolution | c. AD 1850 | c. 11850 HE |
| Second World War and nuclear fission | AD 1939-1945 | 11939-11945 HE |
| First artificial satellite (Sputnik I) | AD 1957 | 11957 HE |
| First human in space | AD 1961 | 11961 HE |
| First human landing on the Moon | AD 1969 | 11969 HE |
| Current year | AD 2010 | 12010 HE |
See also
- Before Present
- Calendar Era
- Common Era
- Julian date (JD) – the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since January 1, 4713 BC Greenwich noon, Julian proleptic calendar.
References
- ^ Cesare Emiliani, "Calendar Reform", Nature 366 (1993) 716.
- ^ The Holocene Calendar at Meerkat Meade
- ^ The Human Era Calendar by Harry and Svetlana Weseman
- ^ Controversy over the use of "CE/BCE" or "AD/BC" dating notation at Religious Tolerance.org
- David Ewing Duncan (1999). The Calendar. pp. 331–332. ISBN 1-85702-979-8.
- Duncan Steel (2000). Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar. pp. 149–151. http://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA149.
- Günther A. Wagner (1998). Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts: Physical and Chemical Clocks in Quaternary Geology and Archeology. Springer. p. 48. http://books.google.com/books?id=ADuZDCa08kwC&pg=PA48.
- Timeline of World History
- "News and comment", Geology Today, 20/3 (2004) 89–96.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
