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Wikipedia
Janus (moon)
- Saturn X redirects here. For the spurious moon reported in 1905, see Themis (moon)
Janus as imaged by Cassini on 2010-04-07: highest-resolution full-disk image to date
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Discovery
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|---|---|
| Discovered by | Audouin Dollfus |
| Discovery date | December 15, 1966 |
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Designations
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| Named after | Janus |
| Adjective | Janian |
| Epoch December 31, 2003 (JD 2 453 005.5) | |
| Semi-major axis | 151 460 ± 10 km |
| Eccentricity | 0.0068 |
| Orbital period | 0.694 660 342 d |
| Inclination | 0.163 ± 0.004° to Saturn's equator |
| Satellite of | Saturn |
|
Physical characteristics
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| Dimensions | 203×185×152.6 km [2] |
| Mean radius | 89.5 ± 1.4 km [2] |
| Volume | ~3000000 km³ |
| Mass | 1.8975 ± 0.0006 ×1018 kg [2] |
| Mean density | 0.63 ± 0.03 g/cm³ [2] |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 0.011–0.017 m/s² [2] |
| Rotation period | synchronous |
| Axial tilt | zero |
| Albedo | 0.71 ± 0.02 (geometric) [3] |
Janus (
/ˈdʒeɪnəs/;[a] Latin: Ianus) is an inner satellite of Saturn. It is also known as Saturn X (Roman numeral X = 10). It is named after the mythological Janus.
Contents |
Discovery and orbit
- The following is a summary. For more detailed information about Janus and Epimetheus's unusual shared orbit, see Epimetheus.
Janus occupies practically the same orbit as the moon Epimetheus. This caused some confusion for astronomers, who assumed that there was only one body in that orbit, and for a long time struggled to figure out what was going on. It was eventually realized that they were trying to reconcile observations of two distinct objects as a single object.
The discovery of Janus is attributed to its first observer: Audouin Dollfus, on December 15, 1966.[4] The new object was given the temporary designation S/1966 S 2. Previously, Jean Texereau had photographed Janus on October 29, 1966 without realising it; Dollfus named it at the same occasion.[5] On December 18, Richard Walker made a similar observation which is now credited as the discovery of Epimetheus.[6]
Twelve years later, in October 1978, Stephen M. Larson and John W. Fountain realised that the 1966 observations were best explained by two distinct objects (Janus and Epimetheus) sharing very similar orbits.[7] Voyager 1 confirmed this in 1980.[8] (See Co-orbital moon for a more detailed description of their unique arrangement.)
Janus was observed on subsequent occasions and given different provisional designations. It was observed by the Pioneer 11 probe when it passed near Saturn on September 1, 1979: three energetic particle detectors observed its "shadow" (S/1979 S 2.[9]) Janus was observed by Dan Pascu on February 19, 1980 (S/1980 S 1,[10]) and then by John W. Fountain, Stephen M. Larson, Harold J. Reitsema and Bradford A. Smith on the 23rd (S/1980 S 2.[11])
All of these people thus share, to various degrees, the title of discoverer of Janus.
Name
Janus is named after Janus, the two-faced Roman god. Although the name was informally proposed soon after the initial 1966 discovery,[5] it was not officially given this name until 1983,[b] when Epimetheus also received its name.
According to the OED, the adjectival form of the moon's name is Janian.
Physical characteristics
Janus is extensively cratered with several craters larger than 30 km but few linear features. The Janian surface appears to be older than Prometheus's but younger than Pandora's. From its very low density and relatively high albedo, it seems likely that Janus is a very porous and icy rubble pile. The moon is also highly non-spherical.
Ring
A faint dust ring is present around the region occupied by the orbits of Janus and Epimetheus, as revealed by images taken in forward-scattered light by the Cassini spacecraft in 2006. The ring has a radial extent of about 5000 km.[12] Its source is particles blasted off the moons' surfaces by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around their orbital paths.[13]
Gallery
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Janus as viewed by Voyager 2 on 1981-08-25.
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Janus and Prometheus lie above and below Saturn's rings in this Cassini image from 2006-04-29.
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Janus, as imaged by Cassini before Saturn on 2006-09-25
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Janus as imaged by Cassini on 2008-02-20.
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Crescent Janus (2008-06-30)
.jpg)
See also
References
Notes
- ^ In US dictionary transcription, US dict: jā′·nəs.
- ^ Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. XVIIIA, 1982 (confirms Janus, names Epimetheus, Telesto, Calypso) (mentioned in IAUC 3872: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, September 30, 1983)
Citations
Sources
- Fountain, J. W.; Larson, S. M. (1978). "Saturn's ring and nearby faint satellites". Icarus 36: 92–106. Bibcode 1978Icar...36...92F. DOI:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90076-3.
- Gingerich, Owen (January 3, 1967). "Probable New Satellite of Saturn" (discovery). IAU Circular 1987. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/01900/01987.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Gingerich, Owen (January 6, 1967). "Possible New Satellite of Saturn". IAU Circular 1991. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/01900/01991.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Gingerich, Owen (February 1, 1967). "Saturn X (Janus)" (naming Janus). IAU Circular 1995. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/01900/01995.html. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- "PIA08328: Moon-Made Rings". Photojournal. JPL/NASA. 2006-10-11. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA08328. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- "NASA Finds Saturn's Moons May Be Creating New Rings". Cassini Solstice Mission. JPL/NASA. October 11, 2006. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20061011-3/. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Marsden, Brian G. (October 25, 1979). "New Ring and Satellites of Saturn". IAU Circular 3417. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03400/03417.html. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Marsden, Brian G. (February 25, 1980). "Saturn". IAU Circular 3454. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03400/03454.html. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Marsden, Brian G. (February 29, 1980). "1980 S 2". IAU Circular 3456. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03400/03456.html. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Marsden, Brian G. (September 30, 1983). "Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn". IAU Circular 3872. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03800/03872.html. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- "Saturn: Moons: Janus". Solar System Exploration: Planets. NASA. 4 Apr 2011. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Janus. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- Spitale, J. N.; Jacobson, R. A.; Porco, C. C.; Owen, W. M., Jr. (2006). "The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations". The Astronomical Journal 132 (2): 692–710. Bibcode 2006AJ....132..692S. DOI:10.1086/505206.
- Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission". Icarus 208 (1): 395–401. Bibcode 2010Icar..208..395T. DOI:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025. http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf.
- Verbiscer, A.; French, R.; Showalter, M.; Helfenstein, P. (9 February 2007). "Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act". Science 315 (5813): 815. DOI:10.1126/science.1134681. PMID 17289992. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5813/815.abstract. Retrieved 20 December 2011. (supporting online material, table S1)
External links
Media related to Janus (moon) at Wikimedia Commons
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Janus (moon)" article dated 2010-01-13, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Janus Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- The Planetary Society: Janus
- 'Solar System Dynamics' by Murray and Dermott The standard text on the subject, describes the orbits in detail.
- Quicktime illustration of co-orbital motion from Murray and Dermott
- Cassini image of Janus and Epimetheus near the time of their orbital swap.
- Janus nomenclature from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
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