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Lettris
Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares.
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English dictionary
Main references
Most English definitions are provided by WordNet .
English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID).
English Encyclopedia is licensed by Wikipedia (GNU).
Copyrights
The wordgames anagrams, crossword, Lettris and Boggle are provided by Memodata.
The web service Alexandria is granted from Memodata for the Ebay search.
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Wikipedia
Learned treatise
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2008) |
| Evidence |
|---|
| Part of the common law series |
| Types of evidence |
| Relevance |
| Authentication |
| Witnesses |
| Hearsay and exceptions |
|
| Other common law areas |
A learned treatise, in the law of evidence, is a text that is sufficiently authoritiative in its field to be admissible as evidence in a court in support of the contentions made therein.
Under the common law, such evidence was considered hearsay - a statement made out of court being introduced to prove the truth of the statement - and was not admissible except to rebut the testimony of an opposing expert witness. There were four ways to introduce such evidence:
- Adduce testimony that the opposing expert witness actually used that text to reach his conclusions;
- Adduce testimony by the opposing expert admitting that the text is an authority in the field;
- Have a friendly expert witness testifying against the opposing expert witness attest to the authoritativeness of the text.
- Have the judge take judicial notice of the text, if it sufficiently notable that the average person would know that it is an authority (for example, Gray's Anatomy).
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence 803 (18), either party can introduce a learned treatise as evidence, irrespective of whether it is being used to rebut the opposing party. Such texts are now considered an exception to hearsay, with two limitations:
- For the learned treatise to be introduced, there must be an expert witness on the stand;
- Like a recorded recollection, the actual learned treatise does not go to the jury, but instead comes into evidence only by being read to the jury.
