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Libre ( /ˈliːbrə/) is a loan word in English borrowed from various Romance languages, including Spanish and French. As it does in those languages, "libre" in English denotes "the state of being free", as in "having freedom" or "liberty".

From the mid-1990s onward,^[1] libre became increasingly used to distinguish "free" as in freedom from "free" as in free of charge (the gratis versus libre distinction). For example, the distinction is made in the free/libre and open source software (FLOSS), free culture, open knowledge and libre knowledge communities. An adage of the free software movement that explains this difference reads:

"Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer."
  —Richard Stallman^[2]

In these contexts, libre encompasses the essential freedoms defined in the free software definition, and is used to describe works which may be used, modified, copied and shared without permission from the copyright holder. Examples of terms that include the adjective libre: libre software, FLOSS, libre knowledge and libre cultural works. Public copyright licenses that guarantee these freedoms ("libre licences") often require attribution for contributors and sometimes include copyleft terms that ensure these essential freedoms remain in future derivative works. Works that are in the public domain are also considered libre.^{[citation needed]}

The word "libre" has been recommended as a substitute for "free" when the "freedom" sense is intended (not the gratis sense), and for "open" when the essential freedoms apply^[3].

Non-libre licences (sometimes called proprietary licences) are those which deny users at least one of the essential freedoms. For example, licences that forbid commercial use or derivative works are non-libre.

  Etymology

Libre comes from the Latin word lībere, via the French libre; it shares that root with liberty. It denotes "the state of being free", as in "having freedom" or "liberty". The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) describes libre as obsolete,^[4] but the word has come back into limited use^[5]. Its primary use in English is to distinguish the two meanings of free: free as in freedom and free as in free of charge.

  History

Although the use of libre in English for this meaning is a relatively recent one, the concept of works that are free of permission restrictions is as old as print itself. The Diamond Sutra, the world's oldest dated printed book, includes the sentence:

Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, AD 868]^[6]

The use of libre in English to describe free software dates back at least to 1995.^[7] The term software libre has since been used by the European Commission.^[8] However, the concept of libre licensing existed well before the term was coined.

The first libre definition was the free software definition published by the Free Software Foundation in 1986. Although limited to software, its four freedoms effectively identified those freedoms required for all libre works and the free culture and libre knowledge movements have used very similar freedoms in their definitions of free content and libre knowledge.^[9]

In 1994, Ram Samudrala published the Free Music Philosophy. Mirroring the free software movement, it called for artists to allow their songs and compositions to be distributed with fewer copyright restrictions.

In 1998, the term open source was suggested as a substitute to free software because it avoided the ambiguous double-meaning of ‘free’ in English and was not as value-laden as the term free software. In that year, David Wiley coined the term OpenContent to describe both a particular licence and the broader concept of non-software libre works. Ironically, the OpenContent License is not libre because it forbids making copies for profit.

Drawing on Lawrence Lessig’s Free Culture (published in 2002), the free culture movement promoted the distribution of cultural works under similar terms to those free software is distributed under. One of the more active manifestations of this movement has been Students for Free Culture.

  In other languages

Romance languages that have the gratis versus libre distinction do not need a specialised term for "free as in freedom". The Indian free software community sometimes uses the term "Swatantra software", borrowing a word from Sanskrit.^[10] In Filipino, the word "libre" (borrowed from Spanish) has the same cost/freedom ambiguity as the English word "free". The term "malayang software" is sometimes used instead.^[11]

  Libre resources

Libre resources describes the works containing or communicating libre knowledge, such as files in an open format containing text, an image, sound, multimedia, etc. or combinations of these, accessible with libre software, and released under a libre licence.

  Libre knowledge

Libre knowledge describes a set of principles and methodologies common to those who want knowledge—and the works explaining and sharing knowledge—to be free and open to use. Knowledge is taken to include data, content and general information, but also draws terms and processes from the open source movement.

Users of libre knowledge are free to (0) use the work for any purpose (1) study its mechanisms, to be able to modify and adapt it to their own needs (2) make and distribute copies, in whole or in part (3) enhance and/or extend the work and share the result. Freedoms 1 and 3 require free file formats and free software as defined by the Free Software Foundation^[9]

  Libre content

Libre content describes non-software and non-data creative works, such as books, songs and movies. Free documentation is a term used by the Free Software Foundation to describe libre content that supports software, like manuals. Open content has also been used to describe these works, but it has come to be used to describe works with any added permissions over the copyright status quo.

Libre content avoids this ambiguity. The four freedoms that must be guaranteed by free content are adapted from the four freedoms Richard Stallman called for in software.

  Open data

Open data describes data which is freely available to everyone to use and republish without violating copyright law or sui generis database rights.

  Free, libre and open source software

The concept of libre works arose with Richard Stallman’s description of free software in 1985 and was codified in the 1986 free software definition. Libre software remain some of the most well known and successful examples of libre works, and are widely used in the community.

  Open source hardware

Designs, inventions and physical technology available for public use and reuse are described as open hardware or open source hardware. However, whereas most libre works grant freedom under copyright law, open source hardware typically depends on exceptions to patent law.

  Free file formats

A free file format is a published specification for storing digital data not encumbered by any copyright, trademark, patent or other restriction.^[12]

  Free/libre protocols and open standards

Libre protocols are communications protocols without legal or technical restrictions. Open standards are less strictly defined, but by some definitions the term describes technical standards without legal restrictions.

  Libre licences

Libre licences are licences pertaining to copyright in which the copyright owner has granted the freedoms specified in the definitions of libre software, libre knowledge and libre cultural works. A libre resource (one so-licensed or in the public domain) is free of any restrictions which might prevent users from being able to exercise these freedoms (such as DRM or patent-encumbrance). For example, of the still active Creative Commons licences, Creative Commons Attribution, Attribution-ShareAlike and Zero are libre licences.

  Share-alike or copyleft

  The copyleft symbol

Copyleft describes a requirement on some libre licences that copies and modifications of the original work must be available under the same or similar licence. In this way, copyleft licences guarantee that all modifications and extensions of a libre work will be free as well.^[13] The GNU General Public License was the first copyleft licence and remains the most commonly used. When a libre licence has a share-alike term, it is a copyleft licence. For example, the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence is a copyleft licence.

Copyleft licences are also described as reciprocal or (pejoratively) as viral licences. One reason given for their use is that they are capable of ‘growing the commons’, by encouraging future works to be libre to take advantage of existing libre resources.^[3]

  Permissive or copyfree

  The copyfree symbol

Permissive libre, copyfree, copycenter or academic licences are those libre licences which do not require derivative works to be licensed under the same licence as the original work. They also typically do not have other requirements that are common in copyleft licences, like restrictions on formats that the work can be available in or whether Digital Rights Management may be used on the product. The Copyfree Standard Definition, used by the Copyfree Initiative to certify copyfree licenses, disallows licenses that come with such copyleft requirements from certification.

  Public domain

  A public domain symbol

Public domain works are the least restricted libre works, although their status typically comes from the expiration of copyright rather than a libre licence. However, there are declarations that purport to place a work in the public domain or, in the case of the CC Zero licence, give it the same freedoms as works in the public domain.

Public domain libre software licences are sometimes described as beerware.

  Statements and symbols

As well as the libre licences described above, which require copyright law to function, members of the libre movement have also created symbols and statements that purport to operate without a legal mechanism. kopimi is described as 'symbol showing that you want to be copied.'^[14] Question Copyright artist-in-residence Nina Paley advocates Copyheart, a sentence intended to replace the usual copyright declaration on a work: '♡2010 by Author/Artist. Copying is an act of love. Please copy.'^[15] Regarding the lack of legal certainty provided by the statement, Paley writes:

We really don’t think laws and “imaginary property” have any place in peoples’ love or cultural relations. Creating more legally binding licenses and contracts just perpetuates the problem of law – a.k.a. state force – intruding where it doesn’t belong. That ♡copyheart isn’t a legally binding license is not a bug – it’s a feature!^[15]

Likewise, the Libre Society drafted two libre ‘licences’, but celebrated their lack of legal power.^[16] They are the Res Divini Juris Licence and the Res Communes Licence,^[16] but neither is in common use.

  The libre movement

  Libre Society

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The Libre Society is a radical artistic and cultural movement that is committed to releasing libre art, music and literature. The Libre Society’s call to action is captured in its manifesto.

The Libre Society has been inspired by the copyleft movement, the 1960s Situationists and writers such as Antonio Negri, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Karl Marx, Carl Schmitt and Friedrich Nietzsche. Set up by artists and intellectuals, it rejects art as merely objects to be bought and sold and instead reaffirms art as liberating, transformatory and emancipatory.

  Libre Manifesto

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The Libre Manifesto is a manifesto calling for art and culture to recognise and reject the movement towards commodification and capitalism written by the Libre Society.

  Free and open movements

  Free software movement

The free software movement seeks to ensure that users of software enjoy the four freedoms. Although the movement had its roots in hacker culture, it formally began with Richard Stallman's founding of the GNU Project.

  Free culture movement

The free culture movement supports the licensing of works as libre and opposes copyright laws that excessively restrict the freedom of citizens to distribute and modify creative works. The free culture movement draws heavily on the method and ideology of the free software movement.

  Open source movement

The open source movement is a collection of organisations and people who support the use of open source licences for some or all software. Whereas the free software and free culture movements are ideologically committed to freedom, advocates for open source are more likely to argue for freedom on pragmatic or business grounds.

  Related concepts

  Open educational resources

There are competing definitions of open educational resources, but they describe at least resources that are accessible for no charge to students and educators, and typically under a public copyright licence that permits the resource to be shared and adapted.

As with open access, narrower definitions of open educational resources do exist. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation definition describes open educational resources as either "resid[ing] in the public domain or [...] released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others."^[17] Under this definition, all open educational resources would qualify as libre.

In practice, however, many open educational resources—even those under public copyright licences—are not libre. MIT OpenCourseWare, for example, is under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License.

  Open access

In 2008, Peter Suber and Stevan Harnad, members of the open access community, proposed the use of the terms 'gratis open access' and 'libre open access' to resolve confusion within the open access community between resources that were open because they were free of price restrictions and those that were open because they were free of price and some permission restrictions.^[18]

Significantly, this definition of libre open access covered works for which any amount of permissions restrictions had been lifted. This definition breaks from the established use of the term libre to refer to free content and free software, where a specific threshold of permission must be reached.

The definition of open access reached in the Budapest, Bethesda and Berlin statements (referred to collectively as the 'BBB Definition')^[19] specifies the permission barriers that must be lowered for a work to be considered open access:

By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. (Budapest Open Access Initiative statement)^[19]

[A work is open access where the copyright holder has given general permission to] copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship. (Bethesda and Berlin statements)^[19]

All open access works that meet the BBB definition would qualify as libre. However, in the years following the BBB statements, some writers used the term "open access" in the BBB sense while others used it for works that were merely gratis or free of price restrictions. When Harnad wanted to write about all-rights-reserved gratis articles, he was faced with the option of referring to them as "open access" (in contravention of the BBB definitions) or redefining "open access" to include non-libre works.

The compromise arrived at by Suber and Harnad was to identify two classes of open access: gratis open access, which is merely free of charge, and libre open access, which is free of charge as well as free from one or more permission restrictions. However, the standard definition of libre requires that a work be free from a particular set of permission restrictions; some works that qualify as libre open access would not qualify as libre (for example, those with a Creative Commons NonCommercial or NoDerivatives licence term).

Suber continues to support the use of the Creative Commons Attribution licence for articles, a libre licence in every sense of the word.^[20]

  Creative Commons

Two Creative Commons licences, Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike, are libre licences (they are marked as ‘approved for free cultural works’). Creative Commons Zero is also libre. The remaining four main licences are not libre.

  See also

• Jimbo Wales' declaration of how Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia
• List of free content licenses
• Open design
• Open gaming
• Open government
• Open patent
• Open source curriculum
• Open source governance
• Open source journalism
• Open standard
• Alternative terms for free software

  References

  External llnks

• Berry, D. M & Moss, G. (2008). Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture. Canada: Pygmalion Books.
• Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats

Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Libre Society Manifesto