Platanus
Leaves and fruit of a London Plane
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
Order:	Proteales
Family:	Platanaceae
Genus:	Platanus
Species
See text

Platanus ( /ˈplætənəs/)^[1] is a genus comprising a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae.

All members of Platanus are tall, reaching 30 to 50 meters in height. All except for P. kerrii are deciduous, and most are found in riparian or other wetland habitats in the wild, though proving drought-tolerant in cultivation. The hybrid London Plane has proved particularly tolerant of urban conditions.

They are often known in English as planes or plane trees. Some North American species are called sycamores (especially Platanus occidentalis^[2]), although that term also refers to either the fig Ficus sycomorus, the plant originally so named, or the Great, or Sycamore Maple, Acer pseudoplatanus.^[2]

  Botany

  Bole of an aged Platanus, in Trsteno, near Dubrovnik, Croatia

The flowers are reduced and are borne in balls (globose heads); 3–7 hairy sepals may be fused at the base, and the petals are 3–7 and are spatulate. Male and female flowers are separate, but borne on the same plant (monoecious). The number of heads in one cluster (inflorescence) is indicative of the species (see table below). The male flower has 3–8 stamens; the female has a superior ovary with 3–7 carpels. Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen.

After being pollinated, the female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with the point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits as in the dandelion.

The leaves are simple. In the subgenus Platanus they have a palmate outline. The base of the leaf stalk (petiole) is enlarged and completely wraps around the young stem bud in its axil. The axillary bud is exposed only after the leaf falls off.

The mature bark peels off or exfoliates easily in irregularly shaped patches, producing a mottled, scaly appearance. On old trunks, bark may not flake off, but thickens and cracks instead.

  Phylogeny

  Platanus from 1834 in front of the Prince Miloš's Residence in Belgrade, Serbia.

  Avenue of plane trees

  Platanus dating from 1797, Bayeux,
Normandie, France

  France's largest plane tree, Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert

  Platanus trees in South America.

There are two subgenera, subgenus Castaneophyllum containing the anomalous P. kerrii, and subgenus Platanus, with all the others; recent studies in Mexico^[3] have increased the number of accepted species in this subgenus. Within subgenus Platanus, genetic evidence suggests that P. racemosa is more closely related to P. orientalis than it is to the other North American species.^[4] There are fossil records of plane trees as early as 115 million years (the Lower Cretaceous). Despite the geographic separation between North America and Old World, species from these continents will cross readily resulting in fertile hybrids such as the London Plane.

  Species

The following are recognized species of plane trees:

  Diseases

Planes are susceptible to Plane Anthracnose (Apiognomonia veneta), a fungal disease that can defoliate the trees in some years. The worst infections are associated with cold, wet spring weather. P. occidentalis and the other American species are the most susceptible, with P. orientalis the most resistant. The hybrid London Plane is intermediate in resistance.

Ceratocystis platani, a wilt disease, has become a significant problem in recent years in much of Europe.^[5]

Other diseases such as powdery mildew occur frequently, but are of lesser importance.

Platanus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Phyllonorycter platani and Setaceous Hebrew Character.

  Uses

The principal use of these trees is as ornamental trees, especially in urban areas and by roadsides. The London plane is particularly popular for this purpose. The American plane is cultivated sometimes for timber and investigations have been made into its use as a biomass crop. The oriental plane is widely used as an ornamental and also has a number of minor medicinal uses.

  Cultural history

Most significant aspects of cultural history apply to Platanus orientalis in the Old World.

  Footnotes

1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book 1995.
2. ^ ^{a b} Merriam Webster.
3. ^ Nixon & Poole 2003.
4. ^ Feng, Oh & Manos 2005.
5. ^ Pathology note 7 2008.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Platanus

  References

Books

• Naumann, Helmut (2007). "Die Platane von Gortyna". In Kämmerer., Thomas Richard. Studien zu Ritual und Sozialgeschichte im Alten [Orient / Studies on Ritual and Society in the Ancient Near East. Tartuer Symposien 1998–2004]. Berlin, de Gruyter,. pp. 207–226. 
• Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607. 

Journals

• Feng, Y.; Oh, S.H.; Manos, P. S. (2005). "Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the Genus Platanus as Inferred From Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA.". Systematic Botany 30 (4): 786–799. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2005/00000030/00000004/art00010;jsessionid=ku5cwifwjqxc.alice. 
• Nixon, K. C.; Poole, J. M. (2003). "Revision of the Mexican and Guatemalan species of Platanus (Platanaceae)". Lundellia 6: 103–137. http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:n9IES08hSxYJ:vivo.library.cornell.edu/entity%3Fhome%3D1%26id%3D4558+platanus+rzedowskii&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14. .

Web

• "sycamore", Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sycamore, retrieved 2009-08-04 
• "Pathology note 7". The Research Agency of the Forestry Commission. 2008. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/pathology_note07.pdf/$FILE/pathology_note07.pdf. 

  External links

Wikispecies has information related to: Platanus

• Botany of Plane trees
• Flora of North America: Platanus
• A collection of images, including detailed photographs of fruit and flowers, from GERM.
• A short informal account concentrating on the North American species
• A developmental and evolutionary analysis of embryology in Platanus (platanaceae), abasal eudicot, abstract of article by Sandra K. Floyd et al. in American Journal of Botany, 1999;86:1523-1537.