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Reactive nitrogen species
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reactions leading to generation of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Species. From Novo and Parola, 2008.[1]
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (·NO) and superoxide (O2·−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively. NOS2 is expressed primarily in macrophages after induction by cytokines and microbial products, notably interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS).[2]
Reactive nitrogen species act together with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage cells, causing nitrosative stress. Therefore, these two species are often collectively referred to as ROS/RNS.
Reactive nitrogen species are also continuously produced in plants as by-products of aerobic metabolism or in response to stress.[3]
Contents |
Types
RNS are produced in animals starting with the reaction of nitric oxide (·NO) with superoxide (O2·−) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO−):[4][5]
- ·NO (nitric oxide) + O2·− (super oxide) → ONOO− (peroxynitrite)
Peroxynitrite itself is a highly reactive species which can directly react with various components of the cell. Alternatively peroxynitrite can react with other molecules to form additional types of RNS including nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) and dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3) as well as other types of chemically reactive free radicals. Important reactions involving RNS include:
- ONOO− + H+ → ONOOH (peroxynitrous acid) → ·NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) + ·OH (hydroxyl radical)
- ONOO− + CO2 (carbon dioxide) → ONOOCO2− (nitrosoperoxycarbonate)
- ONOOCO2− → ·NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) + O=C(O·)O− (carbonate radical)
- ·NO + ·NO2 N2O3 (dinitrogen trioxide)
See also
References
- ^ Novo E, Parola M (2008). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Redox mechanisms in hepatic chronic wound healing and fibrogenesis"]. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 1 (1): 5. doi:. PMID 19014652.
- ^ Iovine, Nicole M.; Seema Pursnani, Alex Voldman, Gregory Wasserman, Martin J. Blaser and Yvette Weinrauch (March 2008). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Reactive nitrogen species contribute to innate host defense against Campylobacter jejuni"]. Infection and Immunity 76 (3): 986–93. doi:. PMID 18174337.
- ^ Pauly, Nicolas; Chiara Pucciariello, Karine Mandon, Gilles Innocenti, Alexandre Jamet, Emmanuel Baudouin, Didier Hérouart, Pierre Frendo and Alain Puppo (2006). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and glutathione: key players in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis"]. Journal of Experimental Botany 57 (8): 1769–76. doi:. PMID 16698817.
- ^ Squadritoa, Giuseppe L.; William A. Pryor (September 1998). [Expression error: Missing operand for > "Oxidative chemistry of nitric oxide: the roles of superoxide, peroxynitrite, and carbon dioxide"]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 25 (4-5): 392–403. doi:. PMID 9741578.
- ^ Dröge, Wulf (January 2002). "Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function". Physiological Reviews 82 (1): 47–95. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2001 (inactive 2009-03-16). PMID 11773609. http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/47.
External links
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