Picture taken from a Hetzel copy of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.

Sea monsters are sea-dwelling mythical or legendary creatures, often believed to be of immense size. Marine monsters can take many forms, including sea dragons, sea serpents, or multi-armed beasts. They can be slimy or scaly and are often pictured threatening ships or spouting jets of water. The definition of a "monster" is subjective, and some sea monsters may have been exaggerations of scientifically accepted creatures such as whales and types of giant and colossal squid.

  Sightings and legends

Historically, decorative drawings of heraldic dolphins and sea monsters were frequently used to illustrate maps, such as the Carta marina. This practice died away with the advent of modern cartography. Nevertheless, stories of sea monsters and eyewitness accounts which claim to have seen these beasts persist to this day. Such sightings are often cataloged and studied by folklorists and cryptozoologists.

  Sea serpent reported by Hans Egede, Bishop of Greenland, in 1734.

Sea monster accounts are found in virtually all cultures that have contact with the sea. For example, Avienus relates of Carthaginian explorer Himilco's voyage "...there monsters of the deep, and beasts swim amid the slow and sluggishly crawling ships." (lines 117-29 of Ora Maritima). Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed to have encountered a lion-like monster with "glaring eyes" on his return voyage after formally claiming St. John's, Newfoundland (1583) for England. Another account of an encounter with a sea monster comes from July 1734. Hans Egede, a Danish/Norwegian missionary, reported that on a voyage to Gothaab/Nuuk on the western coast of Greenland he observed:^[1]

a most terrible creature, resembling nothing they saw before. The monster lifted its head so high that it seemed to be higher than the crow's nest on the mainmast. The head was small and the body short and wrinkled. The unknown creature was using giant fins which propelled it through the water. Later the sailors saw its tail as well. The monster was longer than our whole ship.

Other reports are known from the Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans (e.g. see Heuvelmans 1968).

There is a Tlingit legend about a sea monster named Gunakadeit (Goo-na'-ka-date) who brought prosperity and good luck to a village in crisis, people starving in the home they made for themselves on the southeastern coast of Alaska.

A more recent development has been the two mysterious noises "Bloop" and "Slow Down" picked up by hydrophonic equipment in 1997 and not heard since. While matching the audio characteristics of an animal, they were deemed too large to be a whale. Investigations thus far have been inconclusive.

It is debatable what these modern "monsters" might be. Possibilities include the frilled shark, basking shark, oarfish, giant squid, seiches, or whales. For example Ellis (1999) suggested the Egede monster might have been a giant squid. Other hypotheses are that modern-day monsters are surviving specimens of giant marine reptiles, such as an ichthyosaur or plesiosaur, from the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods, or extinct whales like Basilosaurus. Tropical cyclones such as hurricanes or typhoons may also be another possible origin of sea monsters, mainly through ship damage accounts.

In 1892, Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans, then director of the Royal Zoological Gardens at The Hague saw the publication of his The Great Sea Serpent, which suggested that many sea serpent reports were best accounted for as a previously unknown giant, long-necked pinniped.

It is likely that many other reports of sea monsters are misinterpreted sightings of shark and whale carcasses (see below), floating kelp, logs or other flotsam such as abandoned rafts, canoes and fishing nets.

  Alleged sea monster carcasses

  The St. Augustine Monster was a carcass that washed ashore near St. Augustine, Florida in 1896. It was initially postulated to be a gigantic octopus.

  Britannia Yacht Club memorial garden with Sea monster seats

Sea monster corpses have been reported since recent antiquity (Heuvelmans 1968). Unidentified carcasses are often called globsters. The alleged plesiosaur netted by the Japanese trawler Zuiyō Maru off New Zealand caused a sensation in 1977 and was immortalized on a Brazilian postage stamp before it was suggested by the FBI to be the decomposing carcass of a basking shark. Likewise, DNA testing confirmed that an alleged sea monster washed up on Fortune Bay, Newfoundland in August, 2001, was a sperm whale.^[2]

Another modern example of a "sea monster" was the strange creature washed up in Los Muermos on the Chilean sea shore in July, 2003. It was first described as a "mammoth jellyfish as long as a bus" but was later determined to be another corpse of a sperm whale. Cases of boneless, amorphic globsters are sometimes believed to be gigantic octopuses, but it has now been determined that sperm whales dying at sea decompose in such a way that the blubber detaches from the body, forming featureless whitish masses that sometimes exhibit a hairy texture due to exposed strands of collagen fibers. The analysis of the Zuiyō Maru carcass revealed a comparable phenomenon in decomposing basking shark carcasses, which lose most of the lower head area and the dorsal and caudal fins first, making them resemble a plesiosaur.

  Legendary sea monsters

  Prima fontana dei mostri marini - First sea monster fountain, Florence

  Seconda fontana dei mostri marini - Second sea monster fountain, Florence

• The Aspidochelone, a giant turtle or whale that appeared to be an island, and lured sailors to their doom
• Capricorn, Babylonian Water-Goat, in the Zodiac
• Charybdis of Homer, a monstrous whirlpool that sucked any ship nearby
• Cirein-cròin
• Coinchenn, from whose bone the Gae Bulg is made in Celtic mythology
• Curruid, the sea monster who killed the Coinchenn
• Hydra, Greece
• Iku-Turso, reputedly a type of colossal octopus or walrus
• Jörmungandr, the Norse Midgard Serpent.
• Kraken, a gigantic octopus, squid or crab-like creature
• Leviathan
• Loch Ness Monster
• Makara
• Proteus
• Scylla of Homer, a six-headed, twelve-legged serpentine that devoured six men from each ship that passed by
• Sirens of Homer
• Taniwha
• The Rainbow Fish
• Tiamat
• The constellation Cetus
• Umibōzu
• Yacumama, South America

  Historically reported sea monsters

Sea monsters actually reported first or second hand include

• A giant octopus by Pliny. N.B. Not the giant octopus of the Pacific.
• Cecaelias or Octopus people
• Sea monk
• Various sea serpents
• Tritons by Pliny

  Currently reported specific sea monsters

• Cadborosaurus of the Pacific Northwest
• Chessie of the Chesapeake Bay
• Lusca
• Morgawr
• Ayia Napa Sea Monster, of Ayia Napa, Cyprus

  Sea monsters in fiction

• Creatures of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos.
• Creatures of The X-Files episodes Agua Mala.
• Creatures in such sci-fi/horror films as Deepstar Six, The Rift, Deep Rising and Deep Shock.
• Carcharodon Megalodon in Steve Alten's Meg series.
• Clover
• Fictional portrayals of the Giant Squid.
• Giant octopus in It Came from Beneath the Sea.
• Giganto
• Godzilla and related kaiju.
• Gorgo
• Kraken as depicted in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.
• Leviathan in the Gears of War series.
• Moby-Dick
• Nabooian sea monsters in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
• Rhedosaurus
• Sin
• Ichthyosaur and plesiosaur in A Journey to the Center of the Earth.
• The Terrible Dogfish
• Title creature of Peter Benchley's White Shark.
• The War God Gora

  See also

• Bloop

  References

• Ellis, R. (1999) In Search of the Giant Squid. Penguin. London.
• Heuvelmans, B. (1968) In the Wake of the Sea Serpents. Hill & Wang. New York.
• Pliny Natural History III (Books 8 -111) (Translated by H.Rackham). Loeb. Harvard.
• Sea Monsters That Weren't
• "...An Alleged Plesiosaur carcass netted in 1977..."

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