Shall_and_Will : definition of Shall_and_Will and synonyms of Shall_and

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2007)

Shall and will are both modal verbs in English used to express propositions about the future.

Usage

These modal verbs have been used in the past for a variety of meanings.^[1] Often the words are interchangeable, with "will" being far more common and "shall" the marked usage, typically indicating formality, seriousness and/or pretentiousness. The use of "shall" is viewed as archaic in some dialects of English.^[2]

Generally interchangeable uses of "shall" and "will"

Simple future

Will is typically used in all persons to express simple futurity:

I will grow old some day.
Will they be here tomorrow?

Shall can also be used for this purpose in the first person (with "I" and "we").

I shall grow old some day.
We shall all grow old some day.

This usage has been presented as compulsory by some prescriptivist grammarians of British English.

Coloured future use of shall

Example of shall in the lead editorial of the Chicago Tribune after the Chicago Fire

Shall has been used in the past in the second and third persons to imply that the will of the subject is not being taken into account, such as to make a promise, command or threat:

You shall regret it before long. (My threat)
You shall not pass! (My command)
You shall go to the ball. (My promise)
The Dark Lord shall rise again!

These statements would bear fewer connotations of formality, seriousness, and/or pretentiousness if "shall" were replaced with "will", but the general meaning would not change.

Past time use and reported speech

Would, which is the past tense of "will", is used in the same way as other preterite modal verbs to talk about situations seen from the perspective of an earlier time, sometimes called Future in the Past or Past Future. As "shall" is used to lend certain distinct connotations (or, in British English, often denotations) in place of "will", "should" can be used to replace "would". This uncommon yet still existent use of shall can give rise to ambiguities for hearers. The sentence "The Archbishop of Canterbury said that we should all sin from time to time." is reporting the sentence "We shall all sin from time to time" (assuming the archbishop is including himself in the proposition), where shall is used to denote simple futurity. In the past tense ("should"), however, listeners would tend to interpret should in the sense of ought to, giving a comical and contradictory effect.

Conditional sentences

Would, and to a lesser extent, should, are used in the same way as other preterite modal verbs in the apodosis clause when the conditional form is being used. Would is the most common modal verb used in this sense, as it expresses simple consequence (as opposed to the uncertainty involved with might or could). Some speakers may additionally use should in the first person for the same purpose. Such usage is confined to those who would use shall in the first person to express simple futurity. It remains in stock phrases such as "I should think" and "I should expect".

Some examples of should usage in questions in those registers that allow it are:

We should/he would have consented if you had asked.
Should we/would he have missed you if you had been there?
I should/you would like a bath.
Should I/would he like it myself, himself?
You should do it if we could make you. (Our conditional command.)
They should have had it if they had asked. (My conditional consent.)

All of these usages of "should" would be taken as old-fashioned, even archaic, in most registers. In any case, they would be likely to cause significant confusion due to ambiguity between "should" as a synonym of "would" and "should" as a synonym of "ought to".

Partially independent usages of "shall" and "will"

First person offers

In the UK and other parts of the English-speaking world shall is the normal form for first-person offers and suggestions of the type such as:

Shall I open a window? (as a response to "It is a bit hot in here")
Shall we dance?
Shall I open the door?

Shall is used for this purpose in the United States, but should is a less marked alternative. Some speakers could use will instead of shall to make an offer or suggestion. It could additionally be a request for information.

Shall I play goalkeeper? (An offer or suggestion—the speaker is willing to play goalkeeper.)
Will I play goalkeeper? (A simple request for information—the speaker does not know and is curious. No preference is necessarily implied from this choice of words.)

Many speakers in the United States, however, will use "will" either as an offer or as a request for more information. "Am I going to play goalkeeper?" would be used to indicate a request for information without any hint of an offer.

Generally independent usages of "shall" and "will"

Shall as obligation

"Shall" derives from the Old English "sceal" meaning "must". "Should" is the past simple and conditional (and therefore less direct and harsh) form of "shall", just as "would" is the past simple and conditional form of "will". In this sense, both "shall" and "should" maintain this meaning and usage (which is not typically interchangeable with "would", and slightly more interchangeable with "will") even in modern times and are in fact the most common way to express such obligations. Should is used with a sense of quasi-obligation, synonymous with ought to:

You should not say such things. (You ought not to say such things.)
Why should you suspect me? (What reason do you have to suspect me?)

In more formal language shall (or the archaic second person variant "shalt") is used for similar purposes: "Thou shalt not steal".

Shall in protasis

Should (and in archaic usage, shall) can be used in the protasis in conditional clauses (and by extension, similar phrases, such as those beginning with "who" or "so long as"):

If you should require assistance, please just ask.
The prize is to be given to whoever shall have done the best.
Should you require any assistance, please speak to your flight attendant.

The sentence above: "The prize is to be given to whoever shall have done the best" may be restated as "The prize is to be given to whoever does the best".

Should in expectations

Should may be used to express expectation of certain conditions, being utilized as the conditional form of "shall".

You should have enough time to finish the work (a prediction).
I should be able to come (another prediction).
There should be some cheese in the kitchen.

Should cannot be replaced with would without drastically changing the meaning of these three sentences.

Will as desire or willingness

Will (and would in the a past time or conditional context) is used to express the willingness, desire or intention of the speaker:

I will see you tomorrow (subtle distinction from "I shall")
Will you marry me? (never "Shall you?")
I will lend you £10,000 at 5% (the speaker is willing to make the loan, but it will not necessarily be made)
I will have my way.
I asked him to do it, but he would not.
Will you come with me?

The shades of difference here are not obvious to most English speakers and these subtleties may not be picked up on. In archaic usage would has been used to indicate present time desire. "Would that I were dead" means "I wish I were dead". "I would fain" means "I would gladly".

Will as habituation

Will and would can be used to express habitual action in the present and in the past, respectively:

We would go fishing a lot. ("We used to go fishing a lot.")
He will bite his nails, whatever I say.
He will often stand on his head.
Boys will be boys.
I would be told to wait a while.

Will as expectation

Will can be used to express that the speaker expects that they would find that a proposition would be true should they later get more information:

You will still be talking (i.e., you always are).
A coat will last two years with care.

Questions

In questions, the traditional usage is that the auxiliary used should be the one expected in the answer: "Shall you accompany me?" – "I shall." To use will here would be a request; going-to future would express more the intention than mere futurity. For example: "Should you like it?" expects the answer "Yes, I should" or "No, I should not", whereas "Would you like it?" expects the answer "Yes, you would" (or the corresponding negative) from the same speaker (or used rhetorically), since "you would" is the right form for the speaker, but not for the respondent (if he exists).

Such distinctions only make sense in those dialects of English that distinguish between "shall" and "will"; otherwise, "shall" is essentially never used in questions, and "should" is used only in the sense of "ought to" (e.g., "Should classical music be taught in school?").

Legal use

Legislative acts and contracts sometimes use "shall" and "shall not" to express mandatory action and prohibition. However, it is sometimes used to mean "may" or "can". The most famous example of both of these uses of the word "shall" is the United States Constitution. Claims that "shall" is used to denote a fact, or is not used with the above different meanings, have caused discussions and have significant consequences for interpreting the text's intended meaning.^[3]

Technical specifications

In many requirement specifications, particularly involving software, the words shall and will have special meanings. Most requirement specifications use the word shall to denote something that is required,^{[citation needed]} while reserving the will for a statement of fact. However, some documents deviate from this convention and use the words shall, will, and should to denote the strength of the requirement. Some requirement specifications will define the terms at the beginning of the document.

Shall and will are distinguished by NASA and Wikiversity as follows:

Shall is usually used to dictate the provision of a functional capability.
Will is generally used to cite things that the operational or development environment are to provide to the capability being specified. For example, "The building's electrical system will power the XYZ system."

On standards published by International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), requirements with "shall" are the mandatory requirements, meaning, "must", or "have to".^[4] The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) defines shall and must as synonymous terms denoting absolute requirements, and should as denoting a somewhat flexible requirement, in RFC documents.^[5]

Pronunciation

The negative form of shall is shall not, for which the contraction is shan't. Shall is pronounced in two different ways:

The non-stressed form: /ʃəl/
The strong form: /ˈʃæl/

Shan't is pronounced /ʃɑːnt/ in England, New Zealand, South Africa etc.; it is pronounced /ʃænt/ in North America (although it is rarely used), and both are acceptable in Australia (due to the unique application of the trap–bath split).

The negative form of will is will not, for which the contraction is won't.

History

Germanic did not inherit any Proto-Indo-European forms to express the future tense, but innovated by forming it with auxiliary verbs. This was the case in Gothic and the earliest recorded expressions of Germanic languages.

Both shall and will are verbs of ancient Germanic ancestry. The verb shall represents Old English sceal, and is cognate with Old Norse skal, German soll, and Dutch zal; these all represent *skol-, the o-grade of Indo-European *skel-. All of these verbs function as auxiliaries in each language, and represent either simple futurity or necessity.

The verb will is cognate with the noun will, and continues Old English willan, which represents *willjan. It occurs in Old Norse vilja, German wollen, Dutch willen, Gothic wiljan; it has many relatives outside of Germanic as well, including, for example, Latin velle "to wish for" or Polish (West Slavic) "ja wolę" - I would rather / prefer ("ę" is for a nasal open "e"); the root also occurs in voluptas, "pleasure". All of these forms derive from the e-grade or o-grade of Indo-European *wel-, meaning to wish for or to desire.

In addition to shall and will, other verbs were used as future auxiliaries in Old English, including mun, directly related to Old Norse munu and a defective verb that is the immediate source of Scots maun, and related to Modern English must.

Both verbs are preterite-present verbs in Old English, as they were generally in Germanic. This means that in their conjugation, they were conjugated in the preterite with present meaning. They show this status by the fact that they are conjugated in the third person as she shall (as opposed to *she shalls.) Will can be conjugated in both ways (she will, she wills) with a difference in meaning and construction; the simple present form is not used as an auxiliary verb and does not govern the infinitive. The forms should and would were derived from the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Old English did not have a future tense, but because the verbs shall and will hint at one, they became modal verbs used for this purpose. In the simple future usage, the different meanings of shall and will depending on which grammatical person is being used is an example of suppletion, the commingling of words from separate roots into a single paradigm.

According to Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, the distinction in meaning between shall and will as markers of a simple future arose from the practice of English schools in the fourteenth century and their Latin exercises. It was the custom in these schools to use will to translate Latin velle; because shall had no exact equivalent in Latin, it was used to translate the Latin future tense. The usage of the schools kept shall alive in this role. John Wycliffe used it consistently in this manner in his Bible translation into Middle English. Will was already beginning to predominate as the marker for the simple future through all grammatical persons in English, and is the usual marker for a simple future in Chaucer.

The most influential proponent of the distinction was John Wallis, whose 1653 Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae stated "The rule is... to express a future event without emotional overtones, one should say I shall, we shall, but you/he/she/they will; conversely, for emphasis, willfulness, or insistence, one should say I/we will, but you/he/she/they shall".

Fowler wrote in his book The King's English, regarding the rules for using shall vs. will, the comment "the idiomatic use, while it comes by nature to southern Englishmen ... is so complicated that those who are not to the manner born can hardly acquire it". The Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage, OUP, 2002, says of the rule for the use of shall and will: "it is unlikely that this rule has ever had any consistent basis of authority in actual usage, and many examples of [British] English in print disregard it". Shall and will are now used as auxiliary verbs. However, they have their origins as main verbs and are still sometimes used in a way that reflects aspects of their original Old English senses, regardless of grammatical person. Thus shall is used with the meaning of obligation and will with the meaning of desire or intention.

A popular contrast between shall and will appeared in the 19th Century,^[6] in the 20th century,^[7] and continues to the present:^[8]:

A desperate cry for help: “I shall drown, no one will save me!”
The intention to commit suicide: “I will drown, no one shall save me!”

Steven Pinker wrote he "was skeptical that any Englishman made that distinction in the past century. Winston Churchill seemed determined enough when he said 'We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.'"^[9]

References

^ Many of the examples are taken from Fowler, H. W. (1908). The King’s English (2nd ed.). Chapter II. Syntax - Shall and Will. http://www.bartleby.com/116/213.html. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Crystal, David, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, pages 194 and 224, Cambridge Press Syndicate, New York, NY 1995 ISBN 0-521-40179-8
^ Nora Rotter Tillman & Seth Barrett Tillman, A Fragment on Shall and May, 50 Am. J. Legal Hist. 453 (2010)
^ ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2
^ RFC 2119
^ "Reade and Collins". The Virginia University Magazine: p.367. 1871. http://books.google.com/books?id=O9JKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA367&dq=%E2%80%9CI+will+drown,+no+one+shall+save+me!%E2%80%9D)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cMYcT9jZNsj50gHIlbmVCw&ved=0CDYQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
^ Allen, Edward Frank (1938). How to write and speak effective English: a modern guide to good form. http://books.google.com/books?id=zZEvAQAAIAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CI+will+drown,+no+one+shall+save+me!%E2%80%9D)&dq=%E2%80%9CI+will+drown,+no+one+shall+save+me!%E2%80%9D)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VsYcT9ahL6Ld0QH53fWZCw&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA.
^ Graham, Ian (2008). Requirements modelling and specification for service oriented architecture. p. /79. http://books.google.com/books?id=xKscpMcyZHIC&pg=PA72&dq=%E2%80%9CI+will+drown,+no+one+shall+save+me!%E2%80%9D)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VsYcT9ahL6Ld0QH53fWZCw&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CI%20will%20drown%2C%20no%20one%20shall%20save%20me!%E2%80%9D)&f=false.
^ Pinker, Steven (2008). The stuff of thought: language as a window into human nature. Penguin. http://books.google.com/books?id=vCDX54DlYBYC&pg=PT204&dq=%E2%80%9CI+will+drown,+no+one+shall+save+me!%E2%80%9D)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VsYcT9ahL6Ld0QH53fWZCw&ved=0CDUQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9CI%20will%20drown%2C%20no%20one%20shall%20save%20me!%E2%80%9D)&f=false.

Merriam Webster's Dictionary of English Usage: (Merriam-Webster, 1989) ISBN 0-87779-132-5

External links

Look up will in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Look up shall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

"Shall and Will". Fowler, H. W. 1908. The King's English - thorough discussion on the subject
Complete descriptions of the English Tenses
Webster 1913 - Entry for Shall
"The Origins of some Prescriptive Grammar Rules" - quoting The Origins and Development of the English Language, Pyles and Algeo, 1993
The Rise of Prescriptivism in English (PDF format)

Arabic (ar)	Bulgarian (bg)	Chinese (zh)	Czech (cs)
Danish (da)	Dutch (nl)	English (en)	Estonian (et)
Finnish (fi)	French (fr)	German (de)	Greek (el)
Hungarian (hu)	Italian (it)	Japanese (ja)	Korean (ko)
Norwegian (no)	Polish (pl)	Portuguese (pt)	Romanian (ro)
Russian (ru)	Serbian (sr)	Slovenian (sl)	Spanish (es)
Swedish (sv)	Turkish (tr)	Latvian (lv)	Persian (fa)
Lithuanian (lt)	Icelandic (is)	Slovak (sk)	Croatian (hr)
Hindi (hi)	Vietnamese (vi)	Hebrew (he)	Thai (th)
Indonesian (id)

Arabic (ar)	Bulgarian (bg)	Chinese (zh)	Czech (cs)
Danish (da)	Dutch (nl)	English (en)	Estonian (et)
Finnish (fi)	French (fr)	German (de)	Greek (el)
Hungarian (hu)	Italian (it)	Japanese (ja)	Korean (ko)
Norwegian (no)	Polish (pl)	Portuguese (pt)	Romanian (ro)
Russian (ru)	Serbian (sr)	Slovenian (sl)	Spanish (es)
Swedish (sv)	Turkish (tr)	Latvian (lv)	Persian (fa)
Lithuanian (lt)	Icelandic (is)	Slovak (sk)	Croatian (hr)
Hindi (hi)	Vietnamese (vi)	Hebrew (he)	Thai (th)
Indonesian (id)

Wikipedia

Shall and will

Contents