CO20
Active	1987 – Present
Country	United Kingdom
Branch	Central Operations
Type	Domestic Law Enforcement.
Role	Domestic Disorder, Counter Terrorism and Law Enforcement
Part of	Metropolitan Police Service
Nickname	CO20, TSG
Commanders
Current commander	Chief Superintendent Mark Bird[1]
Insignia
Identification symbol	"U" on epaulette

The Territorial Support Group (TSG or CO20) is a Central Operations unit of London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) consisting of 720 officers,^[2] that specialises in public order containment among other specialist policing.^[3] The TSG is a uniformed unit of the MPS that replaced the controversial Special Patrol Group in 1987.^[3] TSG units patrol the streets of the capital in marked police vans; officers can be identified as TSG from the distinctive 'U' in their shoulder numbers.

  Role

Today the TSG has three main tasks in the policing of the Metropolitan Police District:^[3]

• Securing the capital against terrorism.
• Responding to disorder anywhere within London.
• Reducing priority crime through borough support.

  Public Order

Although public order is not the TSG's only role, it is certainly their most visible and well-known. Like most Police Support Unit vehicles, TSG vans are equipped with mesh window shields and officers are equipped with acrylic glass riot shields, visored 'NATO' helmets, shin and elbow guards, along with fireproof coveralls when required. This level of protection allows them to deal with many violent situations, including riots, football violence and suspects armed with a variety of weapons. TSG officers are trained to a higher standard of operational readiness in their public order role than most other Police Support Units outside London; TSG training is refreshed every five weeks as a matter of routine. Exercises are conducted predominantly at the MPS Specialist Training Centre in Gravesend, Kent, though other sites are used as required, and encompass all public order scenarios; officers will undergo extensive riot training including being petrol bombed in large scale engagements, prison clearance tactics, football stadium scenarios, night club scenarios, aircraft, rail and various 'angry-man' scenarios, as well as additional specialist training. TSG units spend considerable time training with other specialist police teams as well as certain military units. Also, if a siege situation is present, but firearms are not involved, TSG will often be deployed to counter such threats.^[4] Reflecting this role the unit's former head, Commander Michael Johnson will be tactical commander for the London 2012 Olympics^[5]

  Borough support

TSG provides support to regular divisional officers through high-visibility patrols, surveillance and decoy operations while also providing a presence on the streets. Boroughs are also supported through the provision of a 'Commissioner's Reserve' a section of TSG that is on standby all year round; it is designed so such a unit is always available to respond anywhere within the Metropolis to quell public order problems, from a bar brawl to large scale public disorder. Day to day TSG assist the boroughs in handling and relocating particularly violent prisoners.^[3]

  Terrorism response

TSG is equipped and trained to deal with the aftermath or evacuation during or after a terrorism emergency in London, and the unit includes a CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) trained team. Working closely with SO15 (the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command) TSG also has counter-terrorism responsibilities.^[3]

  Recruitment

Potential TSG candidates are selected from mainstream divisional officers. Officers are selected on merit and much emphasis is placed upon their personal policing ability, motivation, resilience and good communication skills. Fitness and stamina are also seen as essential attributes of TSG personnel. Applicants must be recommended by a senior officer (minimum rank of Inspector) whilst on division.^[3]

  Equipment

Mercedes Sprinters are the standard vehicle of TSG and each van transports six Constables and a Sergeant. Three of these vans can form an operational Serial ready to respond to incidents; following the national PSU model this would include an Inspector, three Sergeants, eighteen Constables, two medics and three drivers.^[4][6]

TSG officers are not routinely armed, but are equipped with Speedcuffs, Monadnock fixed batons and CS/PAVA Incapacitant Spray like divisional officers. TSG does, however, have its own firearms capability with officers from '1 Area' being trained as Authorised Firearms Officers (AFOs) on standard-issue firearms such as the Glock 17 and Heckler & Koch MP5 semi-automatic carbine, as well as less-lethal weaponry such as the L104A1 Baton Gun and X26 Taser. Officers from '1 Area' conduct certain infrequent armed patrols within London, usually supplementing Specialist Firearms Command^[7]. Instead of TSG officers wearing standard black trousers and white shirt, when policing demonstrations they often wear fire-retardant overalls with their stab vests over the top.^[4]

TSG is also authorised to deploy Tasers. They have been in use for some time by Trojan teams and are now authorised for use by TSG officers. Tasers are traditionally used to incapacitate a suspect where the use of baton or incapacitant spray has proved ineffective, and the use of a firearm is inappropriate. Tasers are intended to be a less-lethal option for police where a suspect proves particularly violent and/or resistant to conventional means of arrest.^[3]

  Criticism

Officers in the TSG have faced criticism about their policing methods and complaints have been made against officers of the TSG.^[8] Senior officers say that the type of work that the TSG are involved with, policing protests and performing drug raids makes them more likely to have complaints made against them.^[9]

As the result of a freedom of information request made by The Guardian newspaper, it was revealed that more than 5,000 complaints were made against the TSG in 4 years but only 9 have been upheld. Commenting on these figures, a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority stated that officers in the TSG are "practically immune" from criticism.^[9]

One ex-Metropolitan Police officer suggested that TSG members, "spend (their) days waiting for action, and far too many officers join seeking excitement and physical confrontation." Some officers are ex-military personnel and these are "the worst bullies" as "the laws of the battlefield are not appropriate to the streets of our capital".^[10]

The forerunner of the group, the Special Patrol Group, was implicated in the death of Blair Peach.

In 1997 a man was beaten by officers from the TSG in what was described as an "outrageous display of brutality",^[11] which only stopped when the man pretended to be unconscious. The man was charged with assault and threatening behaviour over the incident but was cleared after photographs of his injuries showed the officers had lied about the case under oath. After the man's acquittal the officers went on trial accused of assault in 1999 but were later cleared.^[12]

In 2003, six officers of the TSG performed what a judge in 2009 called a "serious, gratuitous and prolonged" assault on a terrorist suspect, Babar Ahmad, a 34-year-old IT support analyst who was not subsequently charged with any offence.^[13] The officers involved had already been the subject of as many as 60 complaints about unwarranted assaults against other men.^[14] A number of mail sacks containing these complaints were somehow lost.^[15] The accusations were investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission^[16] but that they were found to be unsubstantiated. Five of the six officers were still members of the TSG in 2009.^[14] Babar Ahmed was later awarded £60,000 compensation, by the High Court, for the assault.^[13] In August, 2009, it was announced that the police officers accused of attacking Babar Ahmad would face criminal charges.^[17] However all four officers were found not guilty in June 2011 after a recording from listening device placed in Mr Ahmed's home surfaced shortly before the trial which "proved the account originally given by these officers was correct and specific details of the complaint made by Mr Ahmad were not present" ^[18]

In 2005 a Kurdish youth recorded an officer on his mobile phone telling him "If you say one more fucking word, I'll smash your fucking Arab face in" after he was stopped near Paddington Green police station.^[19] The officer was suspended but denied the charge.^[20]

Another investigation into six other officers of the TSG by the IPCC was launched following allegations made by three men that they were racially abused during an incident during June 2007 in Paddington.^[21] A van of officers stopped after seeing youths mouthing obscenities towards them.^[22] The officers appeared in court in December 2008 and were prosecuted; two for racially abusing the men, four of misconduct in a public office and one of racially aggravated assault.^[23] The Guardian reported that a request may have been made to restrict reporting of the trial by the media.^[24] The officer who was driving the van acted as a whistleblower during the trial.^[22] One officer, a former Royal Marine, accused in this case was also involved in the assault of Babar Ahmed and has had 31 complaints lodged against him since 1993. In November 2009 he was cleared of all offences, along with the other officers, and returned to work with the TSG.^[9][25]

During the 2009 G-20 London summit protests two officers of the TSG were suspended from duty following publication of videos which recorded alleged assaults on members of the public at the 2009 G-20 London summit protests and at a subsequent memorial.^[26] In the first case, the member of the public, Ian Tomlinson, died shortly afterwards. In the second case, Sgt Delroy (Tony) Smellie was seen hitting Nicola Fisher. Following her complaint, the Crown Prosecution Service announced in September 2009, that there was sufficient evidence to charge Sgt Smellie with assault. He appeared in court on November 16, 2009 and was cleared of assault charges on the 31st of March 2010 at City of Westminster Magistrates' Court. However, he could still face misconduct proceedings over the incident.^[27]

Video evidence shows that the officer seen hitting Ian Tomlinson had his face covered^[28] and that the officers involved in both cases were not displaying their identification numbers.^[26] Following the investigation into police handling of the protest, the human rights group Liberty called for further study of what it referred to as the "militaristic approach" used by the TSG.^[29]

  Academic Response

The TSG and their predecessors, the SPG, have been likened to paramilitary units during riot control operations by Tony Jefferson in the The Case against Paramilitary Policing (1990). He argues this because of their use of shields, batons and helmets, their centralised command structure, their willingness to use force and being deployed in squad like formations. P. Waddington counters his conclusion in the British Journal of Criminology by pointing out that their equipment is mainly defensive. As employees, the police force have a duty to protect them from harm, he also notes that paramedics in riot situations also wear similar helmets and armour. Jefferson argues that by the police preparing for an event, such as a march or protest where they expect there to be violence, they create a self-fulfilling prophecy and that violence will occur. Waddington responds to this by pointing out that the TSG were deployed at the Notting Hill Carnival every year and yet there was not always violence. Jefferson also believes that by controlling the ground the TSG incites violence, Waddington cites examples (including the Battle of the Beanfield) where problems were caused by the police not controlling the ground and that when they have then tried to gain control violence ensued. Waddington states that if the presence of the TSG caused violence, then violence would not occur if they were not deployed. Waddington uses examples from three Poll Tax Riots to illustrate that the assumption that their deployment causes violence is not correct. When the TSG were not deployed, serious disorder occurred, including a fully-fledged riot. In contrast when the TSG, including specialists in riot control, were deployed there was less violence. What is more he found that the more the police planned for the 'worst case scenario' the less disorder there was. When they controlled the space and the crowd was at its greatest, violence was lowest. Waddington states that whilst the deployment of the TSG in a riot situation is never desirable, it is often essential to maintain order and limit violence. That said he also believes that the use of force should be as minimal as possible and that it should only be used to achieve publicly acceptable purposes.^[30]

  Bases of operations

The TSG operates from five bases located around London:^{[3][31][32][33][34][35][36]}

• 1TSG, Harrow Road, Paddington Green (includes trained firearms officers)
• 2TSG, High Road, Finchley
• 3TSG, Grove Road, Chadwell Heath
• 4TSG, Aitken Road, Catford
• 5TSG, Larkhall Lane, Clapham

  References

• TSG offers view inside its work, The Job, 11 February 2005.
• Having a Riot, The Job, May 2008.

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